Anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism of the total flavonoids from Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et kit. in vitro and in vivo.

Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit. is traditionally used for the treatment of jaundice urinary retention, itching wet sores, infectious icteric hepatitis and influenza in Uighur medicine. This study aimed to further illuminate the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism of the total flavonoids (ASTF) from Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit. In vitro, RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with ASTF 1 h before stimulation with LPS (1 μg/mL) for 24 h. Then, the concentrations of NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 in the medium were determined. Intracellular oxidative stress was detected using DCFH-DA. Immunofluorescent analysis, western blot and qRT-PCR were carried out to illuminate the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects of ASTF. In vivo, mice were given an intragastric administration of ASTF 1 h before an intranasal administration of LPS. After 24 h, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected to measure the number of total cells, macrophage and neutrophils. The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in BALF were quantified by ELISA kits. Lung specimens were isolated for histopathological examinations and lung wet-to-dry weight (W/D) ratio. We found that ASTF significantly inhibited the production of NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. ASTF can obviously inhibit the degredation of IκBa and inhibit the nucleus translocations of p-NF-κB p65, p-ERK1/2 and p-p38 in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated by LPS. ASTF also markedly decreased the protein and mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. When pretreated with ASTF, alveolar hemorrhage and neutrophil infiltration, as well as pulmonary histopathologic changes, were substantially suppressed in lung tissues in the murine acute lung injury model. The lung wet-to-dry weight (W/D) ratio was strongly decreased. These results suggested that ASTF showed important anti-inflammatory activity and might provide protective effects against LPS-induced ALI. The anti-inflammatory effect of ASTF might attribute to its suppression of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway.