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Tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor, promotes capsaicin-induced colonic pain in mice.
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TRPV1 is phosphorylated and functionally upregulated by protein kinases, and negatively regulated by phosphatases including calcineurin. Since the clinical use of calcineurin-inhibiting immunosuppressants is commonly associated with chronic diarrhea, we examined if tacrolimus, a calcineurin
Treatment of gastric ulcers and diarrhea with the Amazonian herbal medicine sangre de grado.
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Sangre de grado is an Amazonian herbal medicine used to facilitate the healing of gastric ulcers and to treat gastritis, diarrhea, skin lesions, and insect stings. This study was designed to evaluate the gastrointestinal applications. Gastric ulcers were induced in rats by brief serosal exposure of
P2Y1, P2Y2, and TRPV1 Receptors Are Increased in Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome and P2Y2 Correlates with Abdominal Pain.
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Previous studies indicated that P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors, which are widely distributed in the enteric nervous system, are related to pain, while TRPV1 may contribute to visceral pain and hypersensitivity states in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Other studies showed that ATP activates the
Capsaicin alleviates abnormal intestinal motility through regulation of enteric motor neurons and MLCK activity: Relevance to intestinal motility disorders.
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METHODS
Capsaicin is an active component of chili peppers, having diverse effects. However, the effects of capsaicin on intestinal motility are still controversial. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of capsaicin on intestinal motility disorder and uncover related
Involvement of nitric oxide from nerves on diarrhea induced by castor oil in rats.
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Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the mechanism of castor oil-induced diarrhea. This study was performed to elucidate the source of NO. Diarrhea was induced by oral administration of castor oil in rats. Diarrhea was significantly inhibited by the pre-treatment with a relatively selective nerve NO
Capsaicin inhibitory effects on Vibrio cholerae toxin genes expression.
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Objective
Cholera is an acute secretory diarrhea caused by the Gram-negative bacterium, Vibrio cholerae mostly through production of cholera toxin (CT) and zonula occludens toxin (Zot). Isolates of V. cholerae have acquired resistance elements during the lastCapsaicin 8% Patch Versus Oral Neuropathic Pain Medications for the Treatment of Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Systematic Literature Review and Network Meta-analysis.
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OBJECTIVE
A network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed, aiming to assess the relative efficacy and tolerability of the capsaicin 179-mg (8% weight for weight) cutaneous patch (capsaicin 8% patch) compared with oral, centrally acting agents (ie, pregabalin, gabapentin, duloxetine, amitriptyline) in
Xenin Augments Duodenal Anion Secretion via Activation of Afferent Neural Pathways.
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Xenin-25, a neurotensin (NT)-related anorexigenic gut hormone generated mostly in the duodenal mucosa, is believed to increase the rate of duodenal ion secretion, because xenin-induced diarrhea is not present after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Because the local effects of xenin on duodenal ion
Neuronal involvement in the intestinal effects of Clostridium difficile toxin A and Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin in rat ileum.
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OBJECTIVE
Activation of intestinal mast cells and neurons is involved in intestinal inflammation and diarrhea. This study compared the effects of neuronal inhibitors and inhibition of intestinal sensory afferent nerves on the intestinal actions of Clostridium difficile toxin A, an inflammatory
Contribution of sacral spinal cord neurons to the autonomic and somatic consequences of withdrawal from morphine in the rat.
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In this study, we monitored Fos-like immunoreactivity in the sacral spinal cord to identify neurons that are likely to contribute to the autonomic manifestations of opioid antagonist-precipitated withdrawal in morphine-tolerant rats. Injection of systemic antagonist increased the Fos-like
[Comparison of effects of electroacupuncture at "Dachangshu" (BL 25) or "Tianshu" (ST 25) on visceral sensitivity, c-kit and TRPV1 of irritable bowel syndrome rats].
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OBJECTIVE
To compare the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Dachangshu" (BL 25) or "Tianshu" (ST 25) for visceral sensitivity, gene expression product c-kit of colonic Cajal interstitial cells (ICC) and capsaicin receptor 1 (TRPV1) of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) rats, so as to investigate the
Evaluation of mechanisms involved in the antinociception of the ethanol extract from the inner bark of Caesalpinia pyramidalis in mice.
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BACKGROUND
Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. (Fabaceae) is an endemic tree of the Northeast region of Brazil, mainly in the Caatinga region. More commonly, inner bark or flowers are traditionally used to treat many painful and inflammatory processes. A common use of this plant is made by macerating a
Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints facilitates distal colonic motility via activating M3 receptors and somatic afferent C-fibers in normal, constipated, or diarrhoeic rats.
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BACKGROUND
Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of somatic stimulation for patients with gastrointestinal motility disorders. However, little effort has been made to investigate the effects of acupuncture on colonic motility, particularly in pathological conditions. The precise mechanism
Interleukin-6 modulates colonic transepithelial ion transport in the stress-sensitive wistar kyoto rat.
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Immunological challenge stimulates secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6, resulting in variety of biological responses. In the gastrointestinal tract, IL-6 modulates the excitability of submucosal neurons and stimulates secretion into the colonic lumen. When considered in the
Attenuation of acute experimental colitis by preventing NPY Y1 receptor signaling.
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Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36-amino acid peptide, is widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system. NPY is involved in the regulation of several physiological processes, including energy balance, food intake, and nociception. Recently, we showed that activation of the NPY Y1 receptor is
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