Arabidopsis thaliana Plants Engineered to Produce Astaxanthin Show Enhanced Oxidative Stress Tolerance and Bacterial Pathogen Resistance.

Carotenoids play key roles in photosynthesis and photoprotection. Few multicellular plants produce the ketocarotenoid astaxanthin, a strong antioxidant; however, Arabidopsis thaliana lines overexpressing the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii β-carotene ketolase (CrBKT) accumulated high amounts of astaxanthin in the leaves. In this study, we investigated the changed regulation of key metabolic pathways and the tolerance of the engineered plants to biotic and abiotic stresses resulting from the heterologous expression of CrBKT. Transcriptome analysis identified 1,633 and 1,722 genes that were differentially expressed in the leaves and siliques, respectively, of CrBKT-overexpressing plants (line CR5) compared with wild-type Arabidopsis. These genes were enriched in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathways, and plant hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways. In particular, metabolic profiling showed that compared to the wild-type leaves and siliques, overexpression of CrBKT increased the levels of most amino acids, but decreased the contents of sugars and carbohydrates. Furthermore, CR5 plants had lower sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) and increased tolerance to oxidative stress. CR5 plants also exhibited enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Our study provides insight into the regulation of carotenoids and the related pathways, which may be involved in plant response to oxidative stress and pathogen infection.