Participants will consume 100 ml of pure Aronia juice per day for 28 days

Participants will consume 100 ml of Aronia juice-based beverage per day for 28 days.

Participants will consume 100 ml of Placebo beverage per day for 28 days

Hypertension

Overweight

Pure Aronia juice with appx. polyphenols content of 1000 mg gallic acid equivalents/100ml

Pure Aronia juice

Aronia juice-based beverage with appx. polyphenols content of 250 mg gallic acid equivalents/100ml, obtained as a blend of ¼ vol. of pure Aronia juice and ¾ vol. of placebo beverage.

Aronia juice-based beverage

A polyphenol-free formulation with matched nutrient composition (sugars, vitamins, minerals) and similar sensory characteristics to active interventions

Placebo beverage

Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade

The Effects of Aronia Juice Polyphenols on Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Investigation of Beneficial Effects of Aronia Juice (Aronia Melanocarpa) and Dietary Polyphenols on the Activity of Thrombocytes as Well as Other Risk Factors Causing Cardio-vascular Diseases

Percentage of P-selectin and GPIIbIIIa positive platelets evaluated in total number of 20000 platelets, percentage of platelet-monocyte aggregates in 1000 monocytes and percentage of platelet-neutrophil aggregates in total 20000 neutrophils, all by flow cytometry, in non-treated blood samples and after ex vivo treatment of the whole blood with adenosine-diphosphate (0.5 μM and 20 μM)

In 12h-fasting and 2h postprandial serum samples analysed by biochemical analyser.

Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels in 12h-fasting serum samples analysed by biochemical analyser

In 12h-fasting and 2h postprandial serum samples analysed by biochemical analyser

Mean of 3 x 2 consecutive office measurements performed within 30 min at each time point with professional OMRON device

Body weight will be measured by bio-impedance scale

Waist circumference will be measured by professional tape, according to the guidelines

Body mass index will be calculated based on values obtained as body weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.

Body fat as percentage of total weight measured by bio-impedance instrument

Body water as percentage of total weight measured by bio-impedance instrument

Percentages of total body muscle mass in kilograms will be measured by bio-impedance instrument

Aspartate transferase, alanine transferase , direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transferase , lactate dehydrogenase levels in 12h-fasting serum samples analysed by biochemical analyser

Urea and creatinine levels in 12h-fasting serum samples analysed by biochemical analyser

In 12h-fasting serum samples analysed by biochemical analyser

Both caloric intake and intake of polyphenols will be assessed by standardized food-frequency questionnaire and 24-recall at baseline and after each wash—out period, based on data from Serbian Food Composition database. The agreements between two methods will also be assessed.

Measured in spot urine of total morning void by liquid chromatography

Maria Glibetic

Professor, PhD

University of Belgrade

Clinical Hospital Center Zemun

Chokeberry extract capsule pharmacokinetics

Color-matched rice powder pill
Placebo capsule: Color-matched rice powder pill, 2 x 250 mg/day for 12 weeks

Color-matched Rice Powder Pill

Chokeberry extract capsule
Chokeberry Extract: Consumption of 2 x 250 mg chokeberry extract capsules daily for 12 weeks.

Chokeberry Extract Capsule

Chokeberry extract capsule, acute: Chokeberry extract capsule, 2 x 250 mg, one-time dose.

Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute)

Total

Sex: Female, Male

Height

Average years of smoking

Degree of past smoking

Weight

Waist circumference

Systolic blood pressure

Diastolic blood pressure

Total cholesterol

HDL-cholesterol

LDL-cholesterol

Triglycerides

Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol

Change in LDL cholesterol from baseline after chronic supplementation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Chokeberry Extract: Consumption of 2 x 250 mg chokeberry extract capsules daily for 12 weeks.

LDL Cholesterol

Change in fasting total cholesterol from baseline after chronic supplementation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Total Cholesterol

Change in fasting plasma cholesterol from baseline after chronic supplemenation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Change in fasting plasma triglycerides from baseline after chronic supplementation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Change in resting systolic blood pressure after chronic supplementation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Resting Systolic Blood Pressure

Change in resting diastolic blood pressure after chronic supplementation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Resting Diastolic Blood Pressure

Change in resting urinary F2-isoprostanes after chronic supplementation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Urinary F2-isoprostanes

Monocyte messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) after chronic supplementation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase (HMGR)

Monocyte LDL receptor mRNA normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase after chronic supplementation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

LDL Receptor (LDLR)

Monocyte LDL receptor protein by Western blot, normalized to β-actin after chronic supplementation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

LDL Receptor (LDLR) Protein

Plasma area under the curve of chokeberry polyphenols and their metabolites. Measurement (time 0) began at study baseline. Not determined in chronic arms (Color-matched Rice Powder Pill or Chokeberry Extract Capsule).

Plasma Area Under the Curve of Chokeberry Polyphenols and Their Metabolites.

Urinary excretion of polyphenols, from 0 to 24 h after consumption of extract, area under the curve (AUC) in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (acute) arm only.

Urinary Excretion of Polyphenols

Fasting plasma adiponectin after chronic consumption. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Adiponectin

Fasting plasma interleukin-1 beta after chronic consumption. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Interleukin-1 Beta

Fasting plasma interleukin-6 after chronic supplementation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Interleukin-6

Fasting plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 after chronic supplementation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1

Fasting plasma Tumor necrosis factor-alpha after chronic supplementation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Fasting plasma C-reactive protein after chronic supplementation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

C-reactive Protein

Fasting plasma intercellular adhesion molecule 1 after chronic supplementation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1

Fasting plasma soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 after chronic consumption. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1

Fasting plasma P-selectin after chronic supplementation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

P-selectin

Fasting plasma total antioxidant capacity after chronic supplementation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Total Antioxidant Capacity

Catalase activity after chronic supplementation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Catalase Activity

Fasting plasma glutathione peroxidase activity after chronic supplementation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Glutathione Peroxidase Activity

Fasting plasma superoxide dismutase after chronic supplementation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Superoxide Dismutase Activity

Overnight urinary polyphenol excretion after chronic supplementation. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Urinary Polyphenol Excretion

Energy-adjusted intake based on 3-day dietary recalls, determined by the average of baseline and 12 weeks. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Energy-adjusted Nutrient Intake: Carbohydrate, Protein, Fat, Fiber

Energy intake reported from 3-day dietary recalls at baseline and 12 weeks, determined by the average of baseline and 12 weeks. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Energy Intake

Energy-adjusted micronutrient intake from 3-day dietary recalls at baseline and 12 weeks. Values reported as the average of baseline and 12 weeks. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Energy-adjusted Micronutrient Intake

Energy-adjusted polyphenol intake assessed by 3-day dietary recalls at baseline and 12 weeks, values determined by average of baseline and 12 weeks. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Polyphenol Intake

Energy-adjusted intake of dietary antioxidant capacity determined by 3-day dietary recalls at baseline and 12 weeks. Values reported as average of baseline and 12 weeks. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Intake of Dietary Antioxidant Capacity

Energy-adjusted vitamin A intake from 3-day dietary recalls at baseline and 12 weeks. Values reported as the average of baseline and 12 weeks. Not determined in Chokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute) arm as this arm was a one-time dose.

Energy-adjusted Vitamin A Intake

Chokeberry extract capsule
Chokeberry Extract: Consumption of 2 x 250 mg chokeberry extract capsules daily for 12 weeks.
Chokeberry extract capsule, acute: Chokeberry extract capsule, 2 x 250 mg, one-time dose.

Chaokeberry Extract Capsule (Acute)

Overall Study

Dr. Bradley Bolling

Cardiovascular Disease

Oxidative Stress

Consumption of 2 x 250 mg chokeberry extract capsules daily for 12 weeks.

Chokeberry Extract

Color-matched rice powder pill, 2 x 250 mg/day for 12 weeks

Placebo capsule

Chokeberry extract capsule, 2 x 250 mg, one-time dose.

Chokeberry extract capsule, acute

University of Connecticut Department of Nutritional Sciences

aronia alnifolia/triglyceride

The Effects of Aronia Juice Polyphenols on Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Study of Chokeberry to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Former Smokers

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