The present invention addresses substituted pyridyl pyrroles, as well as compositions containing such compounds and methods of treatment. The compounds in the present invention are glucagon antagonists and inhibitors of the biosynthesis and action of TNF-.alpha. and IL1. The compounds block the action of glucagon at its receptors and thereby decrease the levels of plasma glucose. The instant pyrroles are also inhibitors of TNF-.alpha. and IL1 and may be used as antidiabetic agents as well as other cytokine mediated diseases. Cytokine mediated diseases refers to diseases or conditions in which excessive or unregulated production of one or more cytokines occurs. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) are cytokines produced by a variety of cells, which are involved in immunoregulation and other physiological conditions, such as inflammation.

Merck &amp; Co., Inc.

Substituted pyridyl pyrroles, compositions containing such compounds and methods of use

The present invention prepared insulin-producing endocrine cells by inducing the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells or human induced pluripotent stem cells into definitive endoderm (DE), pancreatic endoderm (PE), endocrine progenitors (EP), and endocrine cells (EC) stepwise in that order. Particularly, the present invention established the conditions for the formation of an insulin producing endocrine aggregate (EA) from the endocrine cells. Especially in this invention, it was confirmed that the endocrine aggregate has the cell proliferation potential at a significant level and has the increased insulin productivity as well as the activity of inhibiting cell necrosis and apoptosis. Therefore, the method for preparing the endocrine aggregate of insulin-producing beta cells from human pluripotent stem cells can be effectively used for the examination of the medicinal effect of the conventional antidiabetic agents and of the novel antidiabetic drugs.

antidiabetic/necrosis

Substituted pyridyl pyrroles, compositions containing such compounds and methods of use

Method for preparing endocrine aggregate of insulin-producing beta cells from human pluripotent stem cells

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