Subjects in group A get citicoline 1000 mg per day for 60 days

Subjects in group B get placebo for 60 days.

Non-arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Citicoline 1000 mg will be repackaged and given to Group A for 60 days

Group A Citicoline 1000 mg oral tablet

Placebo will be repackaged and given to Group B for 60 days

Group B placebo oral tablet

Departemen Mata Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia- RSCM Kirana

Citicoline Effect on Non-arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION)

Citicoline Effect on Non-arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION) : Pattern Electroretinography Study

amplitude measured from the valley of N35 to the peak of P50 with pattern electroretinography

amplitude measured from peak of P50 to valley of N95 with pattern electroretinography

anatomical cross-sectional examination of retinal ganglion cells using optical coherence tomography (OCT) CirrusTM HD-OCT 5000. The mode is panomap ganglion cell analysis: Macular Cube 512x128 and 200x200 cube Optic disc. Examination is repeated with minimal attention to signal strength is ≥ 5.

visual field test results using Humphrey HFA II-i 750, 24-2 threshold. Examination is repeated by taking into account the confidence index that meets the three criteria below:
Fixation losses ≤ 20%
False positive ≤ 15%
False negative ≤ 20-30%
The parameters assessed are:
The mean deviation (MD): the result of the average sensitivity of the retina of patients compared with the normal population. This figure is obtained from the total deviation.
Pattern standard deviation (PSD): the result of the average sensitivity of the retina of patients who have adapted and showed a localized area index. This figure is obtained from the pattern deviation.

Valen Chia

dr. Valenchia

Sample of 20 people for each treatment group (Group A: citicoline and group B : placebo). Both group were given drug (whether citicoline or placebo) for 60 days.

The allocation of the subject is done by using block randomization. Randomization will be performed by a third party before the study began. Number randomization results will be incorporated into the white envelope sealed and classified into group A (got citcoline) or group B (placebo) in accordance with the results of randomization. Neither the participant, investigator nor the outcome assessor know whether the patient is classified into group A or B.

Maximum dose of 5 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine, and we base the dose on a ml/ kg (0.2 ml/kg) with a maximum dose not to exceed 2.5 mg/kg. Bupivacaine is given with 1:200,000 epinephrine

A band-aid will be placed on all patients where a supraclavicular nerve block would have been inserted, and parents will be asked to leave the band-aid on for 3 days to maintain the blindness to the treatment type by the patient.

Humeral Fractures

Fractures, Closed

Following injection of morphine, an ultrasound-guided supraclavicular nerve catheter (Angiocath) will be placed in Group 2. All catheters will be placed by one of the anesthesiologist trained in regional pain control using a 25 mm linear US probe in a sterile fashion.
If the examination is unchanged from preoperative assessment, an injection block using 5 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine will be administered. Bupivacaine is a long acting local anesthetic that prevents nerve conduction and action potential initiation by decreasing the permeability of the neuronal membrane to sodium. We use a maximum dose of 5 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine, and we usually base the dose on a ml/kg (0.2 ml/kg) with a maximum dose not to exceed 2.5 mg/kg. This will be well below toxic levels.

Supraclavicular nerve block

Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago

Pain Management in Children Undergoing Supracondylar Humerus Fracture Repair

Pain Management in Children Undergoing Supracondylar Humerus Fracture Repair: Can a Local Supraclavicular Block Improve Their Postoperative Outcome?

We will record use of extra morphine in the PACU, if needed.

Patients have 8 pain scores recorded in the first 42 hours following surgery using the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R)

Range of motion in the affected elbow will be measured 6 weeks after removal of pins

We will record whether patients need physical therapy for their elbow 6 weeks postoperatively

We record for vomiting in the PACU and in the first 24 hours post-op.

We record for nausea in PACU and at home in the first 24 hours following surgery

We record for somnolence in the PACU and in the first 24 hours post-op

Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago

0.2 mg/kg methadone by actual body weight, administered over ten minutes, initiated after induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubation complete.

0.2 mg/kg morphine by actual body weight, administered over ten minutes, initiated after induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubation complete.

0.2 mg/kg methadone by actual body weight, administered over ten minutes, initiated after induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubation complete.
Methadone: 0.2 mg*kg-1 by actual body weight, administered over 10 minutes, once induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubation are complete.

Methadone 0.2 mg/kg

0.2 mg/kg morphine by actual body weight, administered over ten minutes, initiated after induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubation complete.
Morphine: 0.2 mg*kg-1 by actual body weight, administered over 10 minutes, once induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubation are complete.

Morphine 0.2 mg/kg

Total

Sex: Female, Male

Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)

Region of Enrollment

Number of morphine equivalents used by subject during first 24 hours after discharge from Post-Anesthesia Care Unit

Opioid Consumption

Overall Study

Neil Bailard

Pain, Postoperative

0.2 mg*kg-1 by actual body weight, administered over 10 minutes, once induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubation are complete.

Methadone

Morphine

Ben Taub General Hospital

Intraoperative Methadone vs Morphine for Postoperative Pain Control in Patients Undergoing Surgery of the Tibia

Intraoperative Methadone Versus Morphine for Postoperative Pain Control in Patients Undergoing Intramedullary Nailing or Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of the Tibia

compartment syndromes/vomito

Citicoline Effect on Non-arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION)

Pain Management in Children Undergoing Supracondylar Humerus Fracture Repair

Intraoperative Methadone vs Morphine for Postoperative Pain Control in Patients Undergoing Surgery of the Tibia

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