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BACKGROUND
Idiopathic and diabetic gastroparesis in Homo sapiens cause significant morbidity. Etiology or risk factors have not been clearly identified. Failure to sustain elevated heme oxygenase-1 (HO1) expression is associated with delayed gastric emptying in diabetic mice and polymorphisms in the
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OBJECTIVE
The use of selective 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonists has improved the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting, but has not completely eliminated it. In this article, we discuss the pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonists and the impact of
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Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke (Compositae) is indigenous to India and Pakistan. The dried root of S. lappa has been traditionally used for alleviating pain in abdominal distention and tenesmus, indigestion with anorexia, dysentery, nausea, and vomiting. Santamarin is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated
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OBJECTIVE
The recent introduction of oral COX-2 selective NSAIDs with potential for perioperative use, and the ongoing development of intravenous formulations, stimulated a systemic review of efficacy, side effects, and regulatory issues related to ketorolac for management of postoperative
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OBJECTIVE
Gastroparesis is a complication of diabetes characterized by delayed emptying of stomach contents and accompanied by early satiety, nausea, vomiting, and pain. No safe and reliable treatments are available. Interleukin 10 (IL10) activates the M2 cytoprotective phenotype of macrophages and
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Endoscopic studies have shown that cyclo-oxygenase-1 sparing non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) of the coxib family did not produce more gastroduodenal ulcers than placebo in patients who were free of ulcer at baseline. However, the clinical relevance of these data is disputable. Only
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The goal of our study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy and safety of administering rofecoxib (1 mg/kg), a cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 selective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, before pediatric tonsillectomy. Sixty-six patients, aged 3-11 yr, scheduled to undergo tonsillectomy received either
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Ketorolac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with potent analgesic effects and a relatively low incidence of adverse effects. Numerous clinical trials of postoperative pain treatment in children have shown that ketorolac is as effective as the major opioid analgesics, such as morphine,
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Rofecoxib is a selective cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor which has little or no effect on the COX-1 isoenzyme at doses up to 1000 mg/day. Rofecoxib has greater selectivity for COX-2 than celecoxib, meloxicam, diclofenac and indomethacin. In well-controlled clinical trials, rofecoxib 12.5 to 500
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OBJECTIVE
Effective and early treatment of postoperative pain and nausea have become pivotal for the early discharge of patients after tonsillectomy. Opioid-based analgesia is standard practice but the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is discouraged due to their platelet inhibiting
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BACKGROUND
Diclofenac is a benzene-acetic acid derivative that acts, like other NSAIDs, by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase isoforms that mediate the body's production of the prostaglandins implicated in pain and inflammation. Diclofenac is widely available as a sodium or potassium salt. Diclofenac
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Angioedema is characterized by a well-demarcated swelling on the skin, oropharyngolaryngeal tissue, or the gastrointestinal wall. Underlying mechanisms may include IgE-mediated reactions, complement activation, inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, direct release
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Parecoxib (parecoxib sodium) is an injectable pro drug of valdecoxib, which is a potent and selective inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase-2. Intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) parecoxib >20 mg has analgesic activity superior to that of placebo and similar to that of IV or IM ketorolac 30 or 60 mg well
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Malaria and salmonella infections are endemic especially in developing countries, however malaria and salmonella co-infection is a rare entity with high mortality. The basic mechanism in developing salmonella co-infection is the impaired mobilization of granulocytes through heme and heme oxygenase
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Pain is the main reason prompting patients to consult their physicians. In acute conditions, pain has a very particular significance as a warning sign, enabling the physician to attempt a diagnosis. Nevertheless, its detrimental effect upon the individual (even in the case of acute pain) and its
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