Application of single stimulation pulses and regularly repeated ones, the frequency may be divided into high frequency EMT (> 1 Hz), low frequency (<1 Hz) This classification is based on physiological effects (stimulation or inhibition neuronal respectively). In this particular case, we will use low frequency <1 Hz with repetitive pulses.

Placebo coil that will simulate the sound of the pulses.

Aphasia, Broca

10 sessions, each session of EMT-r will be low frequency (1 Hz for 20 minutes and a total of 1200 pulses) using a biphasic pulse stimulator, with active coil (coil-shaped focal or inactive coil "placebo" for 2 weeks from Monday to Friday, target: triangular portion - homologous to injury Inferior front Gyrus (GFI).

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS-r)

10 sesions of Non- active coil, that will simulate the sound of the TMS, holding the coil on the scalp at an angle of 45 degrees in the selected area

Placebo Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Fundacion Cardiovascular de Colombia

Effects of MTS-r on Speech Production in Non-fluent Aphasia Post-ischemic Stroke Patients

Effects of Repetitive Magnetic Transcranial Stimulation of Low Frequency on Speech Production in Patients With Non-fluent Aphasia Post-ischemic Stroke

Evaluates the different domains of language to determine the severity degree of aphasia. Applicable in patients from 16 years old and its duration is approximately 90 minutes. This test has various scales such as intonation, phrase extension, language articulation, grammar, paraphasias, repetition, word search and listening

Evaluates the level of depression in patients with a depressive disorder. This scale is conformed by 20 items assessing 4 common characteristics of depression: the dominant effect, physiological equivalents, other disturbances, and psychomotor activities. Each question is rated on a scale of 1-4 categorized in (1 = few times, 2 = some times, 3 = a good part of the time and 4 = most of the time). The score range is 20-80. Where scores between 5-49 equivalent to a normal range; 50-59 slightly depressed; 60-69 moderately depressed and severely depressed 70 or more [56].

Instrument for measuring the basic activities of daily living (ADL), used especially in patients with acute cerebrovascular disease. Rate the ability of a person to perform in a dependent or independent 10 ABVD, assigning a score (0, 5, 10,15) depending on the time spent on its implementation and the need for help to carry it out. The final score ranges from 0 to 100 where the values are equivalent to between 95-100 independent.; 91-99 mild dependent; 61-90: moderately dependent; 21-60; dependent grave; 0-20 totally dependent [57].

Evaluate two aspects:The first is the description of the state of health in five dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain / discomfort and anxiety / depression), each of which is defined with three levels of severity, as measured by a Likert scale (no problems, some problems and many problems or inability to activity) type. The state of health of the individual is a combination of severity in each five dimensions, expressed by a numerical data. On the other hand, in the second part of the questionnaire the subject must score on a visual millimeter analogue scale his auto perception condition health at the time, considering the ends of the scale as the worst health status (0) and better health [61, 62]

Is used to assess handedness in daily activities. This inventory can be scored through observation or patient self-report. Interpretation: scores below -40 correspond to left dominance; scores between -40 and +40 is ambidextrous and above +40 right dominance [55].

Evaluates the spontaneous production of words under restricted search of verbal fluency association. To evaluate phonological fluency, the patient must produce orally as many words as possible starting with certain letter in a determined period of time, a minute. While for evaluating semantic fluency, will be asked to the patient to name as many animals and fruits as possible in one minute. The score takes into account the total amount of words correctly produced for both categories, and further the number of perseverations, referrals, paraphasias [58] and own names.

Provides quantitative and qualitative data. Provides a cognitive profile of the patient and allows individual scores for each area, the cognitive domains assessed are: orientation, attention and concentration, leguaje, memory, executive functions, reading, writing, arithmetic. A gradient of severity of cognitive impairment, with an operating range that includes normal and mild, moderate and severe disorders is obtained. It is based on solid normative data that allow comparison and correction according to age and education.

Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia

Instituto Colombiano para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (COLCIENCIAS)

Treatment with taurine for 4 1/2 days, two doses per day

Taurine Intervention

Age, Customized

Total number of participant enrolled in study was 15. One subject who enrolled per phone had to postpone study visit due to acute illness. This individual failed to reschedule for study visit and was eventually removed from the study. Number of subjects who completed study and analyzed is therefore 14.

Sex: Female, Male

Total number of participant enrolled in study was 15. One subject who enrolled per phone had to postpone study visit due to acute illness. This individual failed to reschedule for study visit and was eventually removed from the study. Number of subjects who completed study and analyzed is therefore 14

Race/Ethnicity, Customized

TBARS were measured in plasma via colorimetric absorbance. TBARS are a marker of oxidative stress. They are formed as a by-product of lipid (fat) oxidation. TBARS predominantly reflect the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) a substance that is formed from the breakdown of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

For safety reason, the first two subjects studies received low dose taurine therapy: 25 mg/kg body weight twice a day (maximum dose 1.5 grams). There after all received target dose therapy: 75 mg/kg body weight twice a day (maximum dose of 5 grams).

Taurine Intervention Group

Difference in Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) in Individuals With Cystathionine Beta Synthase Deficient Homocystinuria (CBSDH) Pre and Post Taurine Treatment.

TNF-alpha was measured in plasma via Luminex high sensitivity assay. TNF-alpha is a signaling protein, or cytokine that promotes an inflammatory response.

Difference in Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-alpha) in Individuals With CBSDH Pre and Post Taurine Treatment.

Endothelial function was measured by doppler brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) studies.

Difference in Endothelial Function (Blood Vessel Function) in Individuals With CBSDH Pre and Post Taurine Treatment

Difference in Endothelial Function (Blood Vessel Function) in Individuals With CBSDH and Homocysteine Levels Greater Than 125 Micromole/L Pre and Post Taurine Treatment.

Difference in Endothelial Function (Blood Vessel Function) in Individuals With CBSDH and Pre Taurine Exposure FMD Values Less Than 10 mm Pre and Post Taurine Treatment.

Bone mineral density was assessed via whole body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) with bone density corrected for age. The absolute DEXA value was not used for analysis, rather values below 2 standard deviations of normal were taken as evidence of osteoporosis.

Baseline value prior to taurine intervention.

Percent of Individuals With Decreased Bone Mineral Density.

TBARS were measured in plasma via colorimetric absorbance. Homocysteine was measured in serum by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in a Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendments (CLIA) approved clinical laboratory. TBARS are a marker of oxidative stress. TBARS are formed as a by-product of lipid (fat) oxidation. TBARS predominantly reflect the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) a substance that is formed from the breakdown of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Baseline value prior to taurine intervention on day two of study.

Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) in Individuals With CBSDH Compare to Homocysteine Level.

Taurine was measured in plasma via liquid chromatogram(LC)-MS/MS.

Determination of Baseline Taurine Level, Peak Taurine Level on Day One, Trough Level on Day One and Trough Level on Day Four of Taurine Treatment.

Triglycerides were measured in a CLIA approved clinical laboratory.Triglycerides are a natural occurring fat. High levels over a long period of time can increase the chances for heart disease. Levels greater that 1000 mg/dl over a short period of time can increase chances of pancreatitis.

Difference in Triglycerides in Individuals With CBSDH Receiving Both Low Dose and Target Dose Taurine Pre and Post Taurine Treatment (Safety Assessment)

Triglycerides were measured in a CLIA approved clinical laboratory. Triglycerides are a natural occurring fat, High levels over a long period of time can increase the chances for heart disease. Levels greater that 1000 mg/dl over a short period of time can increase chances of pancreatitis.

Difference in Triglycerides in Individuals With CBSDH Receiving Target Dose Taurine Pre and Post Taurine Treatment (Safety Assessment)

Difference in Systolic Blood Pressure in Individuals With CBSDH Receiving Both Low Dose and Target Dose Taurine Pre and Post Taurine Treatment (Safety Assessment).

Difference in Diastolic Blood Pressure in Individuals With CBSDH Receiving Both Low Dose and Target Dose Taurine Pre and Post Taurine Treatment (Safety Assessment).

For safety reason, the first two subjects studies received low dose taurine therapy: 25 mg/kg body weight twice a day (maximum dose 1.5 grams). The next subjects received target high dose therapy: 75 mg/kg body weight twice a day (maximum dose of 5 grams).

Overall Study

Dr. Johan Van Hove, Primary Investigator

Homocystinuria

Take Taurine for 4 1/2 days, two doses per day

taurine

Childrens Hospital Colorado

University of Colorado

Duke University

Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia

Oxidative Stress Markers In Inherited Homocystinuria And The Impact Of Taurine

University of Colorado, Denver

tauroursodeoxycholic acid di-hydrate
tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA): Oral route at the dose of 1 g b.i.d. (2 g daily) for 1 year

TUDCA

excipient lactose
Placebo: identical placebo by oral route at the same dosing schedule

Placebo

Total

Region of Enrollment

Responder patients were defined as those subjects showing an improvement of at least 15% in the ALSFRS-R slope during the treatment period as compared to the lead-in period.

excipient lactose
Placebo: identical placebo by oral route at the same dosing schedule composed of excipient lactose

The Proportion of Responder Patients in the Two Treatment Groups According the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS)-R Slope.

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) %

SF-36 Quality of Life Rating Scale

Time to Tracheostomy From Starting of Study Medication Dosing (if Appropriate)

Survival Time From Starting of Study Medication Dosing (if Appropriate)

ALSFRS-R at Study End

laboratory tests, patients' reports and the investigator's judgments

Incidence and Severity of Adverse Events, and Their Relationship to Treatment

Medical Research Council Scores for Right and Left Muscle Groups

Alberto Albanese

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Oral route at the dose of 1 g b.i.d. (2 g daily) for 1 year

tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA)

identical placebo by oral route at the same dosing schedule

Fondazione IRCCS Istituto neurologico Carlo Besta

Efficacy and Tolerability of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A Randomized, Double-blind Multicenter Pilot Study vs. Placebo for the Evaluation of Efficacy and Tolerability of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Administered by Oral Route as Add on Treatment in Patients Affected by Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

taurine/ictus

Effects of MTS-r on Speech Production in Non-fluent Aphasia Post-ischemic Stroke Patients

Oxidative Stress Markers In Inherited Homocystinuria And The Impact Of Taurine

Efficacy and Tolerability of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

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