Aqueous Extract of Davallia mariesii Attenuates 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Oxidative Damage and Apoptosis in B35 Cells Through Inhibition of Caspase Cascade and Activation of PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β Pathway.

The medicinal ferns of Polydiaceae and Davalliaceae species are called "Gusuibu" by Chinese physicians and used as antiaging dietary medicines. Our previous report revealed that Drynaria fortunei (Polydiaceae) protected against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced oxidative damage via the PI3K/AKT pathway in B35 neuroblastoma cells. The present study compares the antioxidant phytoconstituent contents and radical scavenging capacities of five Davalliaceae species. The further aim was to clarify the protective mechanism of Davallia mariesii (DM) against 6-OHDA-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in B35 cells. The results show that Araiostegia perdurans (AP) and DM extracts have better radical scavenging capacities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) than other Davalliaceae species. However, only DM extract inhibited 6-OHDA autoxidation under cell-free systems and increased cell viability, compared to B35 cells solely exposed to 6-OHDA. DM extract decreased apoptosis and restored mitochondrial expression in 6-OHDA-treated B35 cells. Additional data indicated that DM extract decreased intracellular ROS and nitric oxide levels generated by 6-OHDA exposure. DM extract also restored glutathione (GSH) levels and the activities of glutathione peroxidase and reductase, and then decreased the elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Finally, DM extract regulated the protein expression of the caspase cascade and PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathways. These results suggest that the protective mechanism of DM extract against 6-OHDA-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis might be related to its radical scavenging capacity, maintaining the mitochondrial function to inhibit the Bcl-2/caspase cascade pathway and activating intracellular antioxidant defenses (GSH recycling, HO-1 and NQO-1) by modulating the activation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway.