Phenotypic, Phytochemical, and Transcriptomic Analysis of Black Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Pericarp in Response to Light Quality

Black sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is characterized by the black appearance of the pericarp and production of 3-deoxyanthocyanidins (3-DOA), which are valued for their cytotoxicity to cancer cells and as natural food colorants and antioxidant additives. The black pericarp phenotype is not fully penetrant in all environments, which implicates the light spectrum and/or photoperiod as critical factors for trait expression. In this study, black- or red-pericarp genotypes were grown under regimes of visible light, visible supplemented with UVA or supplemented with UVA plus UVB (or dark control). Pericarp 3-DOAs and pericarp pigmentation were maximized in the black genotype exposed to a light regime with UVB. Changes in gene expression during black pericarp development revealed that UV light activates genes relating to plant defense, reactive oxygen species and secondary metabolism suggesting that 3-DOA accumulation is associated with activation of flavonoid biosynthesis and several overlapping defense and stress signaling pathways.