[Nephrolithiasis coexisting with type 2 diabetes: current concept of the features of stone formation and the effects of hypoglycemic therapy on lithogenesis].

The article analyzes Russian and international literature examining specific features of the pathogenesis of renal stones in the setting of carbohydrate metabolism disorders. The authors outline the renal effects of the main pharmacological groups of oral hypoglycemic drugs regarding metaphylaxis of nephrolithiasis. An increased risk of nephrolithiasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus is realized through hyperuricemia with concurrent urine acidification. Current literature is lacking studies on the effects of oral hypoglycemic drugs on urine properties. There are reports about the tendency of biguanides (metformin) to shift the urine reaction to the acid side. Derivatives of sulfonylureas, incretins and inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, do not significantly affect the urinary acidity and urinary salt excretion. Inhibitors of sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (gliflozins) tend to reduce the blood level of urate, but the mechanism of this effect and the safety of these drugs in the setting of urolithiasis have not yet been investigated.