Southern Blight of Areca Palm (Chrysalidocarpus lutescens) Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in California.

Areca palm (Chrysalidocarpus lutescens) is a popular ornamental palm that can be grown outdoors in mild climates and is commonly used as an indoor ornamental plant. During 2005, commercial palm producers lost significant numbers of areca palm seedlings grown in transplant trays to a crown rot disease. Initial symptoms consisted of a light brown discoloration of stems near the soil line. As disease progressed, the brown discoloration extended up the stem and down into the crown, foliage became gray green, and the entire plant then dried up and died. Extensive, white, cottony mycelium and numerous sclerotia developed externally on the lower stem, crown, attached palm seed, and surrounding peat moss medium. Mycelial growth was so extensive that the fungus often grew from one transplant tray cell, bridged across the plastic cell border, and into an adjacent transplant cell. Tan, spherical sclerotia measured approximately 1 mm in diameter. Isolations from diseased plants resulted in the recovery of the same white fungus that produced sclerotia. On the basis of sclerotia morphology and the presence of clamp connections at hyphal septa, the fungus was identified as Sclerotium rolfsii. Pathogenicity was tested by growing isolates on potato dextrose agar, drying the resulting sclerotia for 48 h, and then depositing 8 to 10 sclerotia at the base of healthy areca palm seedlings. Five isolates were tested using 40 plants per isolate. Non-inoculated controls were also included. All plants were incubated in a greenhouse at 22 to 25°C. After 2 weeks, inoculated plants began to show brown necrosis at the base of the stems; by the third week, plants began to dry up, and mycelium and sclerotia developed on the crowns. S. rolfsii was reisolated from all necrotic crown and stem tissues. Noninoculated controls did not develop any disease symptoms. To my knowledge, this is the first report of southern blight of C. lutescens in California. This disease has been reported on areca palms and other foliage plants in the southern United States and Central and South America (1). Circumstantial evidence (the disease occurred on palm seedlings that were planted in previously unused transplant trays and new peat moss rooting medium) suggests that the pathogen may have been brought in on palm seed. In the nursery, other foliage plants that are susceptible to S. rolfsii were planted in the same rooting medium but were unaffected by southern blight. Reference: (1) A. R. Chase. Compendium of Ornamental Foliage Plant Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 1987.