gliosis/edema

IDH1 mutations are thought to be among the earliest mutations occurring during transformation of glial cells into gliomas and dependence on the IDH-2HG pathway for survival and growth may be most relevant during the indolent phase of low grade tumor growth. However, the preclinical workup of IDH

The pathogenesis of the diabetic macular edema is multiple. Therefore treatment of this disease should be combined too. VEGF is involved in pathogenesis of diabetic macular edema and recently anti-VEGF agents such as bevacizumab have been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of this retinal

A quantum leap forward in our understanding of MS pathophysiology was provided by the discovery of myelin by Louis Ranvier in 1878, and by Pierre Marie who first suggested in 1892 that demyelination represented a critical element in MS pathology.1 In 1925 Lord Edgar Douglas Adrian reported the first

Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disease in developed countries, with prevalence estimates ranging between 2 to 5% of the world's population. Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema are common microvascular complications in diabetic patients and may lead to decreasing of visual