Children in the playful and non-playful conditions will receive the fooya! intervention but will be varied in the psychological state of playfulness. Children in the playful condition will play a health game called fooya! Drawing on the playfulness literature, we will manipulate four dimensions of play. First, to manipulate the voluntariness of tasks, children in the playful condition will be asked/invited to participate in the study. Second, to manipulate adult presence, there will be little to no teacher involvement in the playful condition. Third, to manipulate the timing of the activity, children in the playful condition will be given an option to play anytime, including after school hours. Fourth, to manipulate the goal perception, the children in the playful condition will be told that their activity is not graded—i.e., autotelic.

As mentioned earlier, we will manipulate four dimensions of play. First, participation will be mandatory for children in the non-playful condition. Second, teacher presence will be more salient in this condition. Third, children in the non-playful condition will participate during school hours. Fourth, the children in the non-playful condition will be told that their activity is graded.

Children in the control condition will play a video game unrelated to diet and lifestyle called Wordsearch.

Dietary Habits

Nutrition Knowledge

fooya!™ is a science/evidence-based AI-enabled neuromodulation and Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) technology. fooya!™ has been shown to deliver statistically significant outcomes concerning food choices during randomized-controlled clinical trials conducted at the Baylor College of Medicine's Children's Nutrition Research in the United States of America as well as India. In the game, children make several decisions with split-second timing, such as food choices, destroying bad/unhealthy food robots using the bad foods that are thrown at the player, and saving themselves. If the children collect good/healthy foods, they are in fit-zone for a while, which shields them from bad food robots.

fooya!™

We will have an active control group that will play a WordSearch game. The intention is to have the children play a familiar video game through the same modality (IPAD) that is unrelated to diet or lifestyle choices.

WordSearch

Tati Siding Primary School

The Impact of a Health Video Game on User-Game Engagement and Dietary Choices

Playful Gameplay Broadens Thought-Action Repertoires: Effects of Playfulness on Meaningful Engagement in Health Games

After each experiment, participants will be asked to choose between six actual food items under the pretext of a parting gift. Of these six, three will be healthy: orange, apple and banana, and three will be unhealthy: potato chips, biscuits and master pop juice. Following prior literature, the gift selection will serve as the onsite objective measure of behavior. We will make sure that the choices are a single small serving so as not to contribute to the problem of unhealthy dietary habits.

ONK will be captured using the children's identification of healthy foods measure (Tatlow-Golden et al. 2013). Correct answers will be summed to create this formative measure.

The SNK measure will be adapted from prior research (Moorman et al. 2004). SNK will be will be assessed using three items: 1) I am able to understand product information on food labels; 2) I know the difference between healthy snacks and unhealthy snacks; 3) I know the difference between healthy drinks and unhealthy drinks. Response options will range from 1=totally disagree to 5=totally agree.

To capture subjective discrete emotions, we will adopt the child version of the positive and negative affect scale, the PANAS-C (Laurent et al. 1999). We select emotions that are relevant to our context (Liu et al. 2017). We will capture six discrete emotions. Of the six, three are positive (excited, joyful, and energetic), and three are negative (upset, nervous, and gloomy).

health locus of control will be measured by four items, such as "What I eat affects whether I get sick or stay healthy.." Response options will range from 1=totally disagree to 5=totally agree (Genugten et al. 2014).

Dietary intake intention will be assessed with one item preceded by the stem: "I plan to..." derived from (Spook et al. 2016). Response options will range from 1=definitely not to 5=definitely.

Oteng Ntsweng

Principal Investigator

FriendsLearn

Subject from schools with more physical activity.

Child

Motor Activity

Myopia

Subjects receiving more physical activity in school.

More physical activity.

CHAMPS Eye Study - Myopia and Retinal Vascular Geometry in Relation to Physical Activity

CHAMPS Eye Study - Myopia and Retinal Vascular Geometry in Relation to Physical Activity.

Myopic status in relation to longitudinal data on physical activity

Cross-sectional results.
Change in vessel geometry:
Caliber: Using computerised software - IVAN.

Cross-sectional results. Using Enhanced Depth Imaging Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography

Cross-sectional results compared with date from baseline

Kristian Lundberg

Odense University Hospital

Obesity

2 to 3 hour outdoor activities organized in conjunction with National Parks, Singapore

Family-based Outdoor program

National University of Singapore

Trial of a Novel Family-Based Intervention to Increase Outdoor Time and Fitness

An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial of a Novel Family-Based Intervention to Increase Outdoor Time for the Prevention of Myopia and Increase Physical Activity Among Singapore Youth

myopia/obesity

The Impact of a Health Video Game on User-Game Engagement and Dietary Choices

CHAMPS Eye Study - Myopia and Retinal Vascular Geometry in Relation to Physical Activity

Trial of a Novel Family-Based Intervention to Increase Outdoor Time and Fitness

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