Taurine supplementation composed of capsules of taurine powder. Dosage: 3 grams/day Frequency: 1 time/day Duration: 8 weeks

Taurine supplementation composed of capsules of taurine powder. Dosage: 3 grams/day Frequency: 1 time/day Duration: 8 weeks
Exercise training Exercise Protocol: a combination of strength and aerobic exercises Duration: 2 weeks of adaptation and 8 weeks of physical training. Frequency: 3 times/week Duration: 55 minutes/session Intensity: 75 to 90% of maximum heart rate

Placebo supplementation composed of capsules of starch powder. Dosage: 3 grams/day Frequency: 1 time/day Duration: 8 weeks
Exercise training Exercise Protocol: a combination of strength and aerobic exercises Duration: 2 weeks of adaptation and 8 weeks of physical training. Frequency: 3 times/week Duration: 55 minutes/session Intensity: 75 to 90% of maximum heart rate

Obesity

Taurine supplementation in capsules of 1 gram of taurine powder, total dosage: 3 grams/day

Taurine

Placebo supplementation in capsules of 1 gram of starch powder, total dosage: 3 grams/day

Placebo

4 weeks of combined exercise training (alternating strength and aerobic exercise), with a frequency of 3 times/week with 55 min/day.

Exercise training

School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto

Taurine Supplementation and Training Effects on Energy Metabolism, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Obese Women

Taurine Supplementation and Physical Training Effects on Adipose Tissue Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism, and Blood Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Obese Women

A subcutaneous adipose tissue sample collected for analysis of mitochondrial respiration (mitochondrial uncoupled state, phosphorylation state and electron transport system maximal capacity) were calculated at 8 weeks in comparison to the baseline.

Change of energy expenditure and lipids oxidation were calculated at 8 weeks in comparision to the baseline.

Change of inflammatory markers such as interleukines 6, 10 and 15 were calculated at 8 weeks in comparision to the baseline.

Change of inflammatory markers such as adiponectin, resistin and adipsin were calculated at 8 weeks in comparision to the baseline.

Change of oxidative stress markers such as glutathione peroxidase were calculated at 8 weeks in comparision to the baseline.

Change of oxidative stress markers such as superoxide dismutase were calculated at 8 weeks in comparision to the baseline.

Change of macronutrient intake were calculated at 8 weeks in comparision to the baseline.

Change of total calorie intake were calculated at 8 weeks in comparision to the baseline.

Change of body composition through deuterium oxide method were calculated at 8 weeks in comparision to the baseline.

Ellen Cristini de Freitas

Principal Investigator

University of Sao Paulo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo

Supplement capsule packages were labeled as "Supplement A" and "Supplement B" and the nutrient (taurine or placebo- starch) was revealed after the end of the intervention.

Participants will be given written educational material to encourage dietary change towards a better quality diet. Educational material will be adapted from resources used in previous dietary intervention studies.

Participants will also be given the educational material, but will be encouraged to make dietary change using individualized recommendations incorporating food markers of specific components of a high quality diet. Food markers of diet quality will be used to develop an algorithm to deliver personalized dietary advice. Based on biomarker data, a system of categorization of biomarker status will be developed, alongside dietary advice related to this biomarker categorization, and decision trees created, as previously described in the Food4Me study, to ensure standardized delivery of advice within this intervention arm.

Cardiovascular Diseases

Personalised dietary advice and educational material

Educational material

The Efficacy of Individualized Dietary Advice in Improving Diet Quality and Cardiovascular Health

Dietary intake will be assessed using an online version of the Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS). Foods are classified as healthy and unhealthy. Points will be assigned according to the following criteria: 0-1 serving/wk (0 point) compared with 2-3 servings/wk (1 point) compared with ≥4 servings/wk (2 points) for the healthy food groups. Scoring will be reversed and points deducted for the unhealthy food groups. Points for each food group will be then summed to give an overall score. The PDQS has 21 food groups and ranges from 0 to 42 total points.

Questionnaire to assess number of units consumed weekly

Questionnaire to assess usual medication use (drug name, dose and frequency of use)

Physical activity using an accelerometer; data to be used will be total step count

Weight will be measured in kg using calibrated scales.

Waist and hip circumference will be measured in cm according to standardised operating procedures using a tape measure.

Height will be measured in metres using a stadiometer.

Body composition (% body fat) will be measured using bioelectrical impedence (Bodystat 1500).

Blood pressure will be measured twice from the right arm, using an automated Omron sphygmomanometer, with the participant sitting quietly for at least five minutes.

Serum lipids (total cholesterol, HDL-C, and TG) and whole blood HbA1c will be assessed by enzymatic assays (Randox Ltd, Crumlin, NI and Glen Bio, Antrim, NI) on an I-Lab 600 auto-analyzer. LDL-C will be calculated.

The following biomarkers will be used to assess nutritional status response to the dietary intervention: red meat - methylhistidines and carnosine; white meat - TMAO, guanidoacetate, anserine; fruit and vegetables -- proline betaine, isothiocyanates, S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide, and tartaric acid; wholegrains - alkylresorcinols; coffee - phenolic acids, N-methylpyridinium, trigonelline, 2-furoylglycine; SSBs -- formate, citrulline, taurine, and isocitrate) red meat- methylhistidines; oily fish- omega-3 index; fruit and vegetables- total carotenoids and proline betaine; wholegrain- alkylresorcinols.

Sample handling and nucleic acid purifications will be performed following an established protocol. Illumina DNA-seq libraries with fragment length of ~300 bp will be generated as previously described, with Pippen prep size selection. For RNA-seq, 5ug of RNA will be enriched for mRNA and subjected to strand-specific cDNA synthesis using established protocols. Paired-end sequencing (e.g. 150x150 nt) will be performed on the Illumina HiSeq platform.

At early planning stage of study - undecided.

Jayne Woodside, PhD

Professoe

Queen's University, Belfast

University College Dublin

Harvard School of Public Health

Randomised parallel group dietary intervention: two group.

All outcomes will be conducted blind, including the primary outcome (diet quality score), laboratory analysis and cardiometabolic health marker assessment.

Protein-reduced whey formula with higher level of α-lactalbumin than in standard infant formula

Protein-reduced formula with level of α-lactalbumin more similar to breast milk and higher than in experimental whey formula and in standard infant formula

Growth

Infection

Sleep

Protein-reduced formula with levels of α-lactalbumin more similar to breast milk and higher than in whey formula and in standard infant formula

Protein-reduced α-lactalbumin formula

Protein-reduced whey formula with higher levels of α-lactalbumin than in standard infant formula

taurine/obesity

Taurine Supplementation and Training Effects on Energy Metabolism, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Obese Women

The Efficacy of Individualized Dietary Advice in Improving Diet Quality and Cardiovascular Health

Growth and Metabolism in Infants Fed Protein-reduced, Alpha-lactalbumin Enriched Formula

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