Type B insulin resistance syndrome in a patient with type 1 diabetes

Summary: Type B insulin resistance syndrome (TBIRS) is a very rare autoimmune disorder with polyclonal autoantibodies against the insulin receptor, resulting in severe and refractory hyperglycemia. Described here is a patient who within a few months after the onset of autoimmune type 1 diabetes increased her insulin requirements more than 20-fold; despite this she had considerable difficulty maintaining a plasma glucose value of <40-60 mmol/L (720-1100 mg/dL). On suspicion of TBIRS, the patient was started on tapering dose of glucocorticoids to overcome the autoimmune insulin receptor blockade, resulting in an immediate and pronounced effect. Within days, insulin requirements decreased by 80-90% and plasma glucose stabilized around 7-8 mmol/L (126-144 mg/dL). The presence of antibodies to the insulin receptor was detected by immunoprecipitation and binding assays. After a 4-month remission on low maintenance dose prednisolone, the patient relapsed, which required repeated plasmaphereses and immune column treatments with temporarily remarkable effect. Mixed and transient results were seen with rituximab, mycophenolic acid and bortezomib, but the glycemic status remained suboptimal. Lack of compliance and recurrent infections may have contributed to this.

Learning points: Type B insulin resistance syndrome (TBIRS) is a very rare autoimmune disorder with acquired polyclonal autoantibodies against the insulin receptor, resulting in severe and refractory hyperglycemia. We describe here a young patient in whom, a few months after the onset of a regular autoimmune diabetes, insulin requirements in a short time increased more than 20-fold, but despite this, the plasma glucose level could be kept at <40-60 mmol/L only with considerable difficulty. Did this patient have TBIRS? On suspicion of TBIRS, the patient was started on tapering glucocorticoids to overcome the autoimmune insulin receptor blockade, resulting in an immediate and pronounced effect; within days insulin requirements decreased by 80-90% and plasma glucose stabilized around 7-8 mmol/L. The presence of antibodies to the insulin receptor was detected by immunoprecipitation and binding assays. After a 4-month remission on low maintenance dose prednisolone, the patient relapsed, which required repeated plasmaphereses with temporarily remarkable effect. TBIRS should be considered in diabetic patients whose glycemia and/or insulin requirements are inexplicably and dramatically increased.

Keywords: 2020; Adult; Anti -insulin receptor antibodies*; April; Autoimmune disorders; Binding assays*; Bortezomib*; C-peptide (blood); Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus type 1; Fatigue; Glucocorticoids; Glucose (blood); Haemoglobin A1c; Headache; Hyperglycaemia; Immunoprecipitation*; Insight into disease pathogenesis or mechanism of therapy; Insulin; Ketonuria; Male; Mycophenolic acid*; Pancreas; Plasmapheresis; Polydipsia; Polyuria; Prednisolone; Rituximab; Sweden; Type B insulin resistance syndrome*; Weight loss; White.