Arsenic hyperaccumulation in Pityrogramma calomelanos L. (Link): adaptive traits to deal with high metalloid concentrations.

Pityrogramma calomelanos is interestingly the single non-Pteris arsenic (As)-hyperaccumulating fern. It has been pointed as a potential species for phytoremediation and a model plant to study the As toxicity and its mechanisms of action. In order to investigate the morphoanatomical traits associated to As tolerance, P. calomelanos plants were exposed to different As concentrations in hydroponic solution. At low As dose (1 mM As), 90% of the As accumulated in plants was allocated in shoots, and no symptoms of As stress were observed in fronds and roots. Under higher As exposure (10 and 30 mM As), 81-74% of the total As in plants was present in shoots, and apical and marginal necroses on pinnae were observed. Anatomical observations showed that As induces damages mainly in the secondary veins and adjacent cells. High amounts of phenols were observed in pinna tissues of control and treated plants. In the roots, As promoted slight alterations as detachment of border-like cells and accumulation of granular substances in cortical cells. The high root-to-shoot As translocation and the constitutive presence of phenols and border-like cells protecting the root tips showed to be adaptive traits that allow P. calomelanos to survive in contaminated sites.