Nitrate in leafy vegetables, culinary herbs, and cucumber grown under cover in Estonia: content and intake.

The content of nitrate in leafy vegetables, culinary herbs, and cucumber was determined during the years 2006-2008. All samples of Estonian origin, except white cabbage, were grown under cover. Seasonal differences in nitrate concentrations were observed in lettuce and spinach. Nitrate concentrations in lettuce were 22% and those in spinach were 24% higher in winter crops compared with samples collected in summer. The mean nitrate level was 3023 mg kg(-1) for fresh lettuce and 2337 mg kg(-1) for spinach. On average, 11.6% of fresh lettuce and spinach samples nitrate concentration exceeded the maximum level specified in European Commission Regulation No. 1881/2006. The mean levels were 999 mg kg(-1) for imported iceberg lettuce and 1287 mg kg(-1) for frozen spinach, which are below the maximum European Commission limits. Parsley, dill, basil, thyme, and rucola contained high concentrations of nitrate from mean levels of 2134 mg kg(-1) for parsley up to 8150 mg kg(-1) for rucola. Mean nitrate concentrations ranged from 382 to 1115 mg kg(-1) for white cabbage and Chinese cabbage, respectively. The per capita mean daily intake of nitrates related to the consumption of leafy vegetables, culinary herbs, and cucumber for the whole Estonian population was 31.3 mg day(-1), which comprised 14.2% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI).