Tumor necrosis factor alpha in human kidney transplant rejection--analysis by in situ hybridization.

Macrophagic infiltration and necrosis of rejected kidney transplants represent two pejorative patterns. It has been assumed that the macrophagic toxicity is mediated partly by secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha. On the other hand, TNF is also involved in many inflammatory and immunological phenomena. We thus evaluated the expression of TNF mRNA by in situ hybridization in 6 rejected kidney transplants using a radiolabeled TNF-c DNA probe. Then the synthesis of TNF alpha protein was studied by immunohistochemistry using an anti-TNF alpha antibody. In severely rejected kidney grafts, TNF mRNA is expressed in some monomorphic infiltrating cells, mostly located in the deepest part of the cortex and around the tubes. These cells do not bind other probes, such as dopa-decarboxylase DNA or preproenkephalin RNA. They are also recognized by a monoclonal antibody directed against TNF alpha. What is more, this antibody binds with some glomerular endothelial and tubular epithelial cells that do not express TNF mRNA. These cells are likely target cells for TNF. In the normal kidney, there are no cells expressing TNF-alpha mRNA.