Intervention: 5mg of Allium Cepa Extract (Allium Cepa oil) will be applied on the shoulder joint of the participant, followed by kneading massage until the Allium Cepa oil deeply penetrate into the shoulder joint in addition to standard physiotherapy management of shoulder pain post stroke. Three times in a week for four weeks

Intervention: 5mg of Allium Cepa extract (Allium Cepa oil) would be applied on the shoulder joint of the participant, followed by phonophoresis using ultrasound set at at treatment parameter of pulse mode (50%), 1mHz transducer frequency and stroking technique of 1.5w/cm square for 5mins to allow deeper penetration of the Allium Cepa oilinto the joint in addition to standard physiotherapy management of shoulder pain post stroke.Three times in a week for four weeks

Intervention: 5g or a small size Raw Allium Cepa (onion)bulb will be cut into pieces and then mashed inside pestle and mortar, thereafter the Raw mashed Allium Cepa will then be applied on the surface of the shoulder joint of the participant and then secured with a gauze bandage for 2 hours to allow deeper penetrationin addition to standard physiotherapy management of shoulder pain post stroke. Three times in a week for four weeks

Participant in this group will be receiving standard physiotherapy management of shoulder pain post stroke. The standard physiotherapy management will divided into two forms of activities, the first approach is soft tissue manipulation using common massage medium in particular powder would be used in this study. The second approach is the use of therapeutic exercises and this therapeutic exercises will be categorized into three (basic level, intermediate level and advance level of shoulder joint exercises) depending on the stage of recovery of the participants. Three times in a week for four weeks

Stroke

Topical Application of Allium Cepa Extract (oil)

Topical App. of Allium Cepa Extract

Phonophoresis of Allium Cepa Extract (oil)

Phonophoresis of Allium Cepa Extract

Raw Mashed Allium Cepa Application

This will consist of Massage and therapeutic exercise for the management of shoulder pain post stroke

Standard Physiotherapy Group (SPG)

Amina Kano Teaching Hospital

Effect of Allium Cepa in the Management of Shoulder Pain Post Stroke

Effect of Allium Cepa (Onion)in the Management of Shoulder Pain Post Stroke : A Randomized Controlled Trial

This was used to assess pain intensity of participants in this study. It is usually 10cm (100mm [0-4mm no pain, 5-44mm mild pain, 45-74mm moderate pain and 75-100mm severe pain] in length with two verbal descriptors for the two symptoms extremes. The score ranges from 0-10, with 0 being no pain and 10 pain as bad as possible or worst imaginable pain. Verbal descriptors and numbers at the intermediate points are not recommended in order to avoid clustering of scores around a preferred numeric value.

This was used to assess the recovery of shoulder joint functional outcome. The items are scored on a 3 points ordinal scale [0 (cannot perform), 1(performs partially) and 2 (performs fully)] with maximum score of 226 points. It assesses five domains which include motor function (for upper extremity = 66 and lower extremity = 34), sensory function = 24, balance = 14, joint range of motion = 44 and joint pain = 44. Interpretation of fugyl meyer assessment is as follows 0-35 = very severe, 36-55 = severe, 56-79 = moderate and >79 mild for motor assessment.

this will be use to assess participant quality of life. It is a 59 items measure divided into eight domains namely; strength (4 items), hand function (5 items), ADL/IADL (10 items), mobility (9 items), communication (7 items), emotion (9 items), memory and thinking (7 items) and participation/role function (8 items). Each item is rated in a 5-points likert scale in terms of the difficulty the patient has experienced in completing the item. Summative score are generated for each domain, score range from 0-100. Stroke Impact Scale has an extra questions on stroke recovery that ask the client rate of recovery on a scale of 0-100, with 0 being no recovery and 100 full recovery

Organizing seminar and workshop for patients and relatives, Engaging in clinical meetings and publishing the study findinds

Hauwa Hambali Mohammed

Principal investigator

Bayero University Kano, Nigeria

Physiotherapy Associates

participant will be randomly allocated into 4 groups Topical Application of Allum Cepa Extract, Phonophoresis of Allium Cepa Etract, Raw Mashed Allium Cepa Application and Standard Physiotherapy group ) the first 3 groups will be recieving standard physiotherapy management of shoulder pain post stroke just like those in the standard physiotherapy group in addition to specific treatment assigned to each of the groups

the outcome assessor will be blinded from knowing the nature of treatment that participants will be recieving either in the intervention groups or control group

Budesonide inhaler as experimental treatment along with placebo pill.

Acetazolimide pill as active comparator along with sham inhaler.

Sham inhaler as control for budesonide inhaler along with placebo pill as control for acetazolamide comparator.

Budesonide inhaler as experimental treatment along with placebo pill.
Budesonide: Inhaled Budesonide vs. PO Acetazolamide vs. Placebo for prevention of Acute Mountain Sickness

Budesonide

Acetazolimide pill as active comparator along with sham inhaler.
Acetazolamide: Inhaled Budesonide vs. PO Acetazolamide vs. Placebo for prevention of Acute Mountain Sickness

Acetazolamide

Sham inhaler as control for budesonide inhaler along with placebo pill as control for acetazolamide comparator.
Placebo: Placebo pill and sham inhaler

Control

Total

Sex: Female, Male

Region of Enrollment

Number of participants with acute mountain sickness (AMS) by Lake Lousie Questionnaire (LLQ)

Number of Participants With Acute Mountain Sickness

Number of participants with severe acute mountain sickness (AMS) by Lake Lousie Questionnaire (LLQ) (score > 5).

Number of Participants With Severe Acute Mountain Sickness

measurement of oxygen saturation (%) by finger tip pulse oximeter.

Oxygen Saturation

Overall Study

Dr. Grant Lipman

Acute Mountain Sickness

Inhaled Budesonide vs. PO Acetazolamide vs. Placebo for prevention of Acute Mountain Sickness

Placebo

Owens Valley Lodge - White Mountain Research Station

Altitude Sickness Prevention and Efficacy of Comparative Treatments

A Randomized Controlled Trial of Altitude Sickness Prevention and Efficacy of Comparative Treatments

Grant S Lipman

Associate Professor Department of Emergency Medicine

Stanford University

Procalcitonin, CRP, IL-6, IL-10, Leukocytes, Thrombocytes, Bilirubin, Creatinine, Lactate, Albumin, AT-III

allium minutiflorum/fatigue

Effect of Allium Cepa in the Management of Shoulder Pain Post Stroke

Altitude Sickness Prevention and Efficacy of Comparative Treatments

Prospective, Non-randomized Observational Trial of Selenium in Cardiac Surgery

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