A respresentative population of 275 Liberian children with SAM and admitted to a CMAM/IMAM program supported by Action Against Hunger (75 of which have a MUAC < 115, 75 of which have a WHZ < -3 and 75 of which have both a MUAC < 115 mm and a WHZ < -3).

A respresentative population of 275 Burkinabé children with SAM and admitted to a CMAM/IMAM program supported by Action Against Hunger (75 of which have a MUAC < 115, 75 of which have a WHZ < -3 and 75 of which have both a MUAC < 115 mm and a WHZ < -3).

A respresentative population of 275 Bangladeshi children with SAM and admitted to a CMAM/IMAM program supported by Action Against Hunger (75 of which have a MUAC < 115, 75 of which have a WHZ < -3 and 75 of which have both a MUAC < 115 mm and a WHZ < -3).

Severe Acute Malnutrition

Action Against Hunger, Bangladesh

Action Contre la Faim, Burkina Faso

Action Against Hunger, Liberia

Biomedical Investigations for Optimized Diagnosis and Monitoring of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM): Elucidating the Heterogeneous Diagnosis of SAM by Current Anthropometric Criteria and Moving Beyond

OptiDiag: Biomedical Investigations for Optimized Diagnosis and Monitoring of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM): Elucidating the Heterogeneous Diagnosis of SAM by Current Anthropometric Criteria and Moving Beyond

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on circulating leptin.

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on Stable Isotope Analysis (SIA)

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on the severity of clinical signs at admission; these include: dehydration, visible signs of wasting, pulse, signs of micronutrient deficiency, acute resipiratory infections, respiratory rate, temperature, dermatosis and hair changes and diarrhea.

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on micronutrient status.

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on bioelectric impedance (BI).

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on the caretaker's perception of the patient's health and nutritional status.

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on the history of lipid and protein catabolism (δ13C and δ15N isotopes in hair) reversed throughout nutritional rehabilitation.

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on the severity of clinical signs for dehydration at admission and the development of clinical signs of dehydration during treatment.

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on the severity of clinical signs of visible wasting at admission and the development of clinical signs of visible wasting during treatment.

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on the severity of abnormal pulse at admission and the development of abnormal pulse during treatment.

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on the severity of clinical signs of micronutrient deficency at admission and the development of clinical signs of micronutrient deficency during treatment.

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on the severity of clinical signs of acute respiratory infection at admission and the development of clinical signs of acute respiratory infection during treatment.

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on the severity of abnormal respiratory rate at admission and the development of clinical signs of abnormal respiratory rate during treatment.

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on the severity of abnormal temperature at admission and the development of clinical signs of abnormal temperature during treatment.

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on the severity of clinical signs of dermatosis at admission and the development of clinical signs of dermatosis during treatment.

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on the severity of clinical signs of hair change (color and consistency) linked to acute malnutrition at admission and the development of clinical signs of of hair change (color and consistency) during treatment.

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on the severity of diarrhea at admission and the development of diarrhea during treatment.

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on negative and positive treatment outcomes; these include: discharged from program as recovered [mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) ≥ 125 and weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) ≥ -2], defaulted from program (caretaker confirmation of unwillingness to participate), death, transfer to an in-patient facility (developement of medical complications as per national protocol, loss of or static weight), transfer to another out-patient facility outside of the program catchment area and facility and non-response to treatment (cure criteria unattained before maximum treatment duration).

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on early weight gain.

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on circulating leptin

Describe and compare the different types of SAM anthropometric diagnoses based on bioelectric impedance.

Measures of household wealth reflected by durable assets, source of water supply, sanitation favility, type of floor material, type of cooking fuel, transportation, livestock, homestead or land area, bank account, number of family members per sleeping room.

The HFIAS is composed of a set of nine questions that have been used in several countries and appear to distinguish food insecure from food secure households across different cultural contexts.

Individual dietary diversity scores (IDDS) validated for age/sex groups.

Action Contre la Faim

Duke University

University Ghent

AgroParisTech

University College, London

Humanitarian Innovation Fund

European Commission's Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations

Able to improve the spasms of SO; literature showed that it treated biliary disorders effectively.

Contains the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and has the effects of fighting infection, alleviating pain, promoting bile secretion and lifting muscle spasms; literature showed that Danshu Capsules effectively improved the symptoms of biliary disorders, such as pain, nausea and abdominal distension.

Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction

Danshu Capsules (0.9g potid/day) for three months by oral

Danshu Capsules

Pinaverium Bromide (100mg potid/day) for three months by oral

Pinaverium Bromide

Zhang Yong

Pinaverium Bromide in Post-cholecystectomy Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction

Application of Pinaverium Bromide in the Treatment of Patients With Post-cholecystectomy Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction (SOD): A Randomized, Controlled and Multicenter Clinical Study

abdominal pain scores (baseline vs. 3 months after treatment)
Abdominal pain score based on main symptom: Degree of pain in point（0 - no pain [0 point]；1~3 - mild pain [1 point]；4~6 moderate pain [2 point]]；7~10 - severe pain [3 point]）、Frequency in times/week (No episodes[0 point]；1 time/week[1 point]；2 times/week[2 point]; 3 times/week[3 point])、Duration in days/week(No episodes[0 point]；< 1 day/week[1 point]；1-2days/week[2 points]；≥ 3days/week[3 points])
The sum of the scores for the above three items is the total score for abdominal pain.
Efficacy evaluation: reduction in abdominal pain score, as compared with the baseline
= 100%: complete remission (CR)；60%~99%: significant remission (SR)；30% ~ 59%: partial remission (PR)；0% ~ 29%: no response (NR)
Treatment response = CR + SR
Treatment response rate = (CR + SR) / the total number of patients

Changes in the CBD diameter measured by ultrasound B
Each patient is required to abstain from eating for 12 hours and then takes a measurement of the CBD diameter by ultrasound B the next morning
The measurement takes places once a month, four times totally (baseline / 4w after treatment / 8w after treatment / 12w after treatment)

Changes in hepatic enzyme levels (ALT, AST and ALP)
The measurement takes place once a month, four times totally (baseline / 4w after treatment / 8w after treatment / 12w after treatment)

The number of patients presenting the symptoms of diarrhea will be calculated at the time of enrollment (baseline) and 3 months after treatment respectively.

Incidence of adverse events (throughout the treatment)
The type and number of adverse events will be calculated at the baseline and each visit
Inquire about symptoms: rashes, pruritus, acid regurgitation, abdominal distention, diarrhea, etc.
Perform the following examinations at the last visit: blood / urine / stool test, liver / kidney function test, ECG

Zhaohui Tang

the chief surgeon of the department of General Surgery

Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine

Patients with acute coronary syndrome with ST elevation and fibrinogen receiving a dose of 400 mg every 24 hours of Bezafibrate in addition to conventional anti-ischemic treatment

Patients with acute coronary syndrome with ST elevation and hyperfibrinogenemia who received only conventional anti-ischemic treatment

Acute Myocardial Infarction

Patients with ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEAMI) and with fibrinogen concentration >500 mg/dl at 72 h of evolution, were randomly assigned to bezafibrate 400 mg/day or just conventional therapy

Bezafibrate

Bezafibrate for Hyperfibrinogenemia in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Early Effect Of Bezafibrate On Fibrinogen Levels, Inflammatory Response And Clinical Impact, In Patients With ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction

PT-Fibrinogen HS Plus kit (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA) to determine prothrombin time and fibrinogen and to evaluate extrinsic pathway of coagulation in citrated human plasma using an auto-analyzer ACL-800 (Cobas, Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN) where fibrinogen levels are determined through turbidimetry.

Concentration of cytokines (IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF e IL-12) measured by ELISA system (Biosource)

angina, reinfarction, heart failure, death, and combined endpoints

Any side effect that comes with the intake of bezafibrate

nitrate/caureja

Biomedical Investigations for Optimized Diagnosis and Monitoring of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM): Elucidating the Heterogeneous Diagnosis of SAM by Current Anthropometric Criteria and Moving Beyond

Pinaverium Bromide in Post-cholecystectomy Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction

Bezafibrate for Hyperfibrinogenemia in Acute Myocardial Infarction

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