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Levels of endogenous glycine betaine in the leaves were measured in response to cold acclimation, water stress and exogenous ABA application in Arabidopsis thaliana. The endogenous glycine betaine level in the leaves increased sharply during cold acclimation treatment as plants gained freezing
In several organisms osmotic stress tolerance is mediated by the accumulation of the osmoprotective compound glycine betaine. With the ambition to transfer the betaine biosynthetic pathway into plants not capable of synthesizing this osmoprotectant, the Escherichia coli gene betB encoding the second
Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases oxidize betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine in species that accumulate glycine betaine as a compatible solute under stress conditions. In contrast, the physiological function of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase genes is at present unclear in species that do not
Novel transgenic Eucalyptus camaldulensis trees expressing the bacterial choline oxidase A (codA) gene by the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and the Arabidopsis thalianaheat shock protein (HSP) terminator was developed. To evaluate the
Glycine betaine (betaine) has the highest cellular osmoprotective efficiency which does not accumulate in most glycophytes. The biosynthetic pathway for betaine in higher plants is derived from the oxidation of low-accumulating metabolite choline that limiting the ability of most plants to produce
Previously, we showed that transformation with the codA gene for choline oxidase allows plants to synthesize glycine betaine (GB) and enhances their ability to tolerate various kinds of stress during germination and vegetative growth. In this study, we examined the tolerance of transformed plants to
Arabidopsis thaliana belongs to those plants that do not naturally accumulate glycine betaine (GB), although its genome contains two genes, ALDH10A8 and ALDH10A9 that code for betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases (BADHs). BADHs were initially known to catalyze the last step of the biosynthesis of GB in
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) leucine-zipper transcription factors play important roles in abiotic stress responses. However, their specific roles in abiotic stress tolerance are not fully known. Here, we functionally characterized a bHLH gene, ThbHLH1, from Tamarix hispida in abiotic stress
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a major staple food, animal feed and energy crop in the tropics and subtropics. It is one of the most drought-tolerant crops, however, the mechanisms of cassava drought tolerance remain unclear. Abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive element (ABRE)-binding factors (ABFs) are
Functional characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana GAT1 in heterologous expression systems, i.e. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Xenopus laevis oocytes, revealed that AtGAT1 (At1g08230) codes for an H(+)-driven, high affinity gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter. In addition to GABA, other
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be primarily responsible for the impairment of cellular function under numerous abiotic and biotic stress conditions. In this paper, using non-invasive microelectrode ion flux measuring (MIFE) system, we show that the application of a hydroxyl radical
FRO2 (At1g01580) codes for an NADPH-dependent ferric reductase in plasma membranes of root epidermal cells with a demonstrated role in iron uptake by plants. Ferric reductase activity has been shown to be the rate-limiting step for iron uptake in strategy I plants like Arabidopsis and in rice, but
Choline (Cho) is an essential nutrient for humans as well as the precursor of glycine betaine (GlyBet), an important compatible solute in eukaryotes that protects cells from osmotic stress caused by dehydrating conditions. The key enzyme for plant Cho synthesis is phosphoethanolamine
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEAMT; EC 2.1.1.103) catalyzes the key step in choline (Cho) biosynthesis, the N-methylation of phosphoethanolamine. Cho is a vital precursor of the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine, which accounts for 40 to 60% of lipids in
Glycine betaine (GB) accumulation is involved in abiotic stress. However, it is not known whether BADH, the key enzyme of GB synthesis, utilizes the antioxidant system to confer drought stress tolerance. In this study, a novel member of the ALDH10 gene family, SpBADH, was isolated from Sesuvium