Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive, irreversible, and fatal fibrotic lung disease with a high mortality and morbidity, and commonly nonresponsive to conventional therapy. Inula japonica Thunb. is a traditional Chinese medicine, known as "Xuan Fu Hua" in Chinese, and has been widely applied to
Several botanicals, including Crataegus oxycantha, Terminalia arjuna, Inula racemosa, and Astragalus membranaceus, have been found to have therapeutic benefit for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Crataegus oxycantha has been used traditionally as a cardiac tonic and current uses include