Trehalose 100g powder form to be dissolved in water, to be consumed by mouth, every day for 3 months.

Malthose 30g powder form to be dissolved in water, to be consumed by mouth, every day for 3 months.

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3

A disaccharide sugar usually used as food preservative, but for this study it is given at a higher dose

Trehalose

Maltose

UKM Medical Centre

Efficacy Of Oral Trehalose In Spinocerebellar Ataxia 3

A Randomised Controlled Trial on the Clinical Efficacy of Oral Trehalose in Patients With Spinocerebellar Ataxia 3: Clinical & FMRI Correlation

An 8-item scale to quantify the severity of ataxia with a scoring of 0 (no ataxia) to 40 (most severe ataxia). Total time taken for test administration is estimated at 10 minutes.

A validated multi-modal assessment tool that is composed of: a) timed 8 metre walk (8MW); b) the 9-hole peg test (9HPT); and c) the rate of "PATA" repetition over 10 seconds (PATA) to rate speech performance. Total time taken for test administration is estimated at 10 minutes.

A validated scale assessing non-cerebellar signs with a scoring of 0 (no non-ataxia sign) to 16 (all assessed systems affected). Total time taken for test administration is estimated at 10 minutes.

CCAS Scale is a brief cognitive screening tool to help identify CCAS in patients with cerebellar impairment. It derives a total score of 120 as a continuous measure; as well as an ordinal measure in accordance to the number of failed tests: 1) Possible CCAS = 1 failed test; 2) Probable CCAS = 2 failed tests; Definite CCAS = 3 or more failed tests. Four different forms were available to minimize the practice effect. Total time taken for test administration is estimated at 10 minutes.

WAIS - 4 is an IQ test designed to measure intelligence and cognitive ability in adults and older adolescents. The selected subtests are Matrix Reasoning, Digit Span, and Coding. These subtests are used to measure abstract reasoning, WM, and processing speed respectively. These index and subtests have good reliability

D - KEFS is a neuropsychological battery designed to measure various subdomains of executive function from 8 - 89 years old. The selected subtests are: Tower Test, Trail Making Test (TMT), Colour-Word Interference Test (CWIT). These tests measure planning, set-shifting, and inhibition abilities respectively.

RBANS Update is a neuropsychological battery designed to measure 5 neuropsychological domains from 12:0 - 89:11 years old. The selected subtests are: Figure Copy and Figure Recall. These tests measure visual construction, visual memory, and language abilities respectively.

The level of measurement of oxy-Hb (activation level) is continuous; greater oxy-Hb (mM.mm) indicates greater activation.

The level of measurement of N-Acetyl Aspartate (NAA; metabolism) is continuous; greater NAA (ppm) indicates greater metabolism.

The level of measurement of grey matter density (structural) is continuous; greater grey matter density indicates greater structural volume.

SIMS comprises 16 items on four subscales, Intrinsic motivation (e.g., "I think that this activity is interesting"), Identified regulation (e.g., "I am doing it for my own good"), External regulation (e.g., "I am supposed to do it") and Amotivation (e.g., "I don't see what this activity brings me"). It contains 4 items per subscale scored on a scale from 1 to 7 providing a score between 4 and 28 for each subscale. It has an internal reliability of α = .74 - .83 for the four subscales. Total time taken for test administration is estimated at 5 minutes.

EQ-5D-3L consists of 2 parts: the EQ-5D descriptive system and the EQ visual analogue scale (EQ VAS). EQ-5D has 5 dimensions of assessment (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression). Each dimension has 3 levels (ordinal): no problem, some problem, and extreme problem. It has an internal reliability of α = .83 and valid among clinically and demographically heterogeneous patients. Total time taken for test administration is estimated at 5 minutes.

Adverse event will be recorded in terms of severity, study intervention relationship, action taken regarding study intervention, outcome of adverse event, expected, and serious adverse event.

Dr Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim

Professor

National University of Malaysia

Radboud University

This study will employ a double-blind randomised controlled trial (RCT) with two arms. Patients with SCA3 will be randomly allocated to oral trehalose group and a maltose placebo group. A total of 20 participants will be allocated to each group. There is a possibility of including other types of SCA at later stage of the study.

Patients with SCA 3 will be randomised into the active treatment group and placebo group to which they are blinded from their group allocation. Likewise, the outcome assessor will be blinded from the patient's group status.

F75 with 63% of total energy from carbohydrates, including 10% of energy from lactose (standard F75).

F75 milk with 43% of total energy from carbohydrates, without any lactose, and providing the same amount of energy as standard F75 by increased lipid in the form of medium chain triglycerides.

Malnutrition

Diarrhoea

Metabolic Disturbance

This is the standard F75 milk used worldwide (Control group)

Standard F75 Milk

Modified F75 Milk

Kilifi County Hospital

Coast Provincial General Hospital - Study site

Queen Elizabeth Hospital- Study site

Reformulated F75 Milk to Treat Severe Acute Malnutrition

Randomized Controlled Trial of a Reduced Carbohydrate Formulation of F75 Therapeutic Milk Among Children With Severe Acute Malnutrition

The criteria for stabilisation will be according to WHO guidelines:
- Absence of any WHO danger or emergency signs: obstructed breathing, respiratory distress, cyanosis, shock (delayed capillary refill plus fast & weak pulse plus temperature gradient), severe anaemia (Hb<5g/dl), congestive cardiac failure, impaired consciousness, convulsions, severe dehydration, profuse watery diarrhoea, vomits everything, hypothermia.
and
If there is oedema at baseline, loss of oedema defined as improving from a severe +++ oedema (severe: generalized bilateral pitting oedema including feet, legs, arms and face) to ++ oedema (moderate: no upper arm or upper leg oedema and no facial oedema or from ++ oedema to + (mild: only feet/ankle oedema) or none; and
Tolerating full prescribed volume of F75 feeds and observed to be completing the feeds.

3 or more loose stools in the last 24 hours

Described as the number of days requiring Resomal or IV fluids

Percentage change in weight between admission and day 5

Changes in sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphate and albumin between admission and day 3

numbers of episodes of new onset severe clinical deterioration accompanied by one or more of the following features: shock (fast and weak pulse and limb versus core temperature gradient and capillary refill time>3 seconds), respiratory distress (subcostal chest wall indrawing, hypoxaemia (SaO2) or requiring oxygen); impaired consciousness (Blantyre coma score<4) or hypoglycaemia (<3.0 mmol/l);

Time in days from admission to date of discharge

Total days spent in stabilization phase, including periods when the child may go back to the stabilization phase during deterioration

The proportion of children with a diarrheal pathogen detected and plasma and fecal bio makers of gut inflammation and permeability

University of Oxford

KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Program

University of Malawi College of Medicine

The Hospital for Sick Children

University of Groningen

VSL#3 (Original De Simone formulation) sachets containing 450 x 109 bacteria, 1 sachet every 12 hours during 3 months (n=20).

Placebo sachets, 1 sachet every 12 hours during 3 months (n=20).

Cirrhosis

Cognitive Dysfunction

VSL#3 (Original De Simone formulation) is a probiotic mixture of 8 proprietary strains, namely Streptococcus thermophilus, bifidobacteria and lactobacilli.

VSL#3 (Original De Simone formulation)

Placebo will be formulated as identical in appearance and administered according to the same schedule as the active agent. Placebo contains maltose and silicon dioxide as inactive agent.

maltose/atrofie

Efficacy Of Oral Trehalose In Spinocerebellar Ataxia 3

Reformulated F75 Milk to Treat Severe Acute Malnutrition

Effect of VSL#3 (Original De Simone Formulation) on Cognitive Function, Risk of Falls and Quality of Life in Patients With Cirrhosis

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