Genetic modulation of RAP alters fruit coloration in both wild and cultivated strawberry.

Fruit color affects consumer preference and is an important trait for breeding in strawberry. Previously, we isolated the Reduced Anthocyanins in Petioles (RAP) gene encoding a glutathione S-transferase (GST) that binds anthocyanins to facilitate their transport from cytosol to vacuole in the diploid strawberry Fragaria vesca. The parent of rap was the F. vesca variety 'Yellow Wonder' that develops white fruit due to a natural mutation in the FveMYB10 gene. Here, we investigated the application potential of RAP in modulating fruit colors by overexpression of RAP in F. vesca and knock-out of RAP in the cultivated strawberry Fragaria × ananassa. Unexpectedly, the RAP overexpression in Yellow Wonder background caused formation of red fruit. In addition, the red coloration occurs precociously at floral stage 10 and continues in the receptacle during early fruit development. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the anthocyanin biosynthesis genes were not upregulated in RAP-ox; rap myb10 flowers at anthesis and largely inhibited at the turning stage in fruit, suggesting a coloration mechanism independent of FveMYB10. Moreover, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to knockout RAP in cultivated strawberry which is octoploid. Six copies of RAP were simultaneously knocked out in the T0 generation leading to the green-stem and white-fruited phenotype. Several T1 progeny have segregated away the CRISPR/Cas9-transgene but maintain the green-stem trait. Our results indicate that enhancing the anthocyanin transport could redirect the metabolic flux from proanthocyanidin to anthocyanin production at early developmental stages of fruit, and that RAP is one promising candidate gene in fruit color breeding of strawberry.