Participants in this arm will receive MFGM-enriched full-fat dairy milk (3 servings/d) that contains MFGM at 10% phospholipid (relative to total lipid content) delivering MFGM at ~10-times that in full-fat dairy milk.

Participants in this arm will receive a matched dairy milk that instead contains soy phospholipid/lecithin.

Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic Endotoxemia

MetS adults with metabolic endotoxemia will be enrolled to complete a 2-arm, double-blind, randomized controlled, crossover trial to test the independent benefits of MFGM. For each 2-wk arm, they will receive MFGM-enriched full-fat dairy milk (3 servings/d) or a matched dairy milk that instead contains soy phospholipid/lecithin (control). Milks have been formulated with soy lecithin or MFGM at 10% phospholipid (relative to total lipid content). This delivers MFGM at ~10-times that in full-fat dairy milk, which reflects that consumers obtain MFGM from dairy foods other than whole milk.

MFGM-enriched full-fat dairy milk

MetS adults with metabolic endotoxemia will be enrolled to complete a 2-arm, double-blind, randomized controlled, crossover trial to test the independent benefits of MFGM. For each 2-wk arm, they will receive MFGM-enriched full-fat dairy milk (3 servings/d) or a matched dairy milk that instead contains soy phospholipid/lecithin (control). Milks have been formulated with soy lecithin or MFGM at 10% phospholipid (relative to total lipid content).

Soy phospholipid/lecithin milk

The Ohio State University

Alleviation Of Metabolic Endotoxemia In Adults With Metabolic Syndrome With Milk Fat Globule Membrane

Between-treatment change in serum endotoxin (fasting) on day 14 relative to day 0

Between-treatment difference in the area under the curve of serum endotoxin (0-3 hours) on day 14

Between-treatment change in plasma glucose (fasting) on day 14 relative to day 0

Between-treatment difference in the area under the curve of plasma glucose (0-3 hours) on day 14

Between-treatment change in plasma (fasting) on day 14 relative to day 0

Between-treatment difference in the area under the curve of plasma insulin (0-3 hours) on day 14

Between-treatment change in plasma HDL-C (fasting) on day 14 relative to day 0

Between-treatment change in plasma triglyceride (fasting) on day 14 relative to day 0

Between-treatment change in plasma total cholesterol (fasting) on day 14 relative to day 0

Between-treatment change in plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (fasting) on day 14 relative to day 0

Between-treatment difference in 24 hour urinal excretion of lactulose post-meal challenge on day 14

Between-treatment difference in 24 hour urinal excretion of sucralose post-meal challenge on day 14

Between-treatment difference in 24 hour urinal excretion of erythritol post-meal challenge on day 14

Between-treatment difference in 24 hour urinal excretion of mannitol post-meal challenge on day 14

Between-treatment difference in fecal bacterial abundance and composition on day 13

Between-treatment difference in fecal acetate on day 13

Between-treatment difference in fecal butyrate on day 13

Between-treatment difference in fecal propionate on day 13

Between-treatment change in plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) (fasting) on day 14 relative to day 0

Between-treatment difference in fecal calprotectin on day 13

Between-treatment difference in fecal myeloperoxidase on day 13

Between-treatment change in circulating Toll-like receptor 4 mRNA (fasting) on day 14 relative to day 0

Between-treatment change in circulating IL-6 mRNA (fasting) on day 14 relative to day 0

Between-treatment change in circulating TNFa mRNA (fasting) on day 14 relative to day 0

Between-treatment change in circulating Toll-like receptor 4 mRNA post meal challenge (0-3 h) on day 14

Between-treatment change in circulating IL-6 mRNA post meal challenge (0-3 h) on day 14

Between-treatment change in circulating TNFa mRNA post meal challenge (0-3 h) on day 14

Richard Bruno

Professor and Principal Investigator

Ohio State University

2-arm, double-blind, randomized controlled, crossover trial

Both participants and key research personnel will be blinded between MFGM-enriched full-fat dairy milk (treatment) and milk with soy phospholipid/lecithin (control).

Diabetes

Condition A is referred to as the 'sitting' condition. Here participants will remain seated throughout the whole of the 7 ½ hour test period (8am - 3:30pm). On arrival, participants will have a cannula (a small tube that allows us to take blood) inserted into their arm; this will stay in the arm and allow investigators to take regular blood samples throughout the day. Blood samples and blood pressure will be taken at 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes after breakfast. Following this, a lunch meal will be provided and investigators will continue taking blood samples and blood pressure at 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes after this lunch meal. In total, 10 blood samples will be taken over the 7 ½ hour testing period. There will also be a cognitive test in the morning and afternoon.

Prolonged Sitting

Condition B is the 'light activity breaks' condition. Participants will go through exactly the same process as condition A but will also be asked to do 5 minute bouts of light intensity arm ergometry on a desktop arm ergometer every 30 minutes following breakfast and lunch. In total they will do 12 five minute arm ergometry breaks throughout the 7 ½ hour test period (60 minutes of arm ergometry in total). In total 10 blood samples will be taken on the day.

Light arm ergometry breaks

Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital

Arming Health: Can Breaking up Restful Sitting Time With Upper Body Contractile Activity Regulate Metabolic Health.

Investigating Whether Breaking up Sedentary Behaviour With Seated Upper Body Contractile Activity Can Regulate an Individual's Metabolic Health.

Blood glucose AUC refers to the spike of an individuals blood sugar following a meal, the aim of which is to reduce the spike and consequently reduce the area under the curve.

Refers to an individuals insulin response to a meal over a prolonged time period during each treatment.

This test assesses semantic memory and language, and participants will be asked to name as many items as they can that belong to a particular category in one minute. For example in the morning, participants will be asked to name as many 'items of clothing', and in the afternoon, they will be asked to name as many 'animals'. This will be done during both experimental conditions so that comparisons can be made.

This test involves the immediate and delayed recall of a group of 12 words. This is used to assess working memory. Participants will be shown a list of 12 words, from which they must remember and recall as many as possible in the one minute recall period. The participant will have three chances to remember the 12 words in the morning (immediate recall x 3) and then just one chance in the afternoon to recall those remembered during the morning (delayed recall x 1). This will be done during both experimental conditions so that comparisons can be made.

Part 3 of the cognitive test assesses cognitive flexibility. For the first part of this test, participants are required to connect randomly located numbers on a screen in numerical order (e.g. 1,2,3,4). For the second part of this test, participants will be expected to connect randomly scattered numbers 'and' letters in numerical 'and' alphabetical order alternately (e.g. 1,A,2,B,3,C). Participants will also be asked to do this as quickly as possible. This will be done during both experimental conditions so that comparisons can be made.

Part 4 of the cognitive test assesses sustained visual attention. This test displays a number on the screen that changes between odd and even digits. Participants must tap the screen each and every time they detect a sequence of three odd or three even consecutive digits. Participants are encouraged to register as many as possible. This will be done during both experimental conditions so that comparisons can be made.

lactose intolerance/triglyceride

Alleviation Of Metabolic Endotoxemia In Adults With Metabolic Syndrome With Milk Fat Globule Membrane

Arming Health: Can Breaking up Restful Sitting Time With Upper Body Contractile Activity Regulate Metabolic Health.

Effect of Fructose on Colonic Microflora

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