A theophylline-responsive riboswitch regulates expression of nuclear-encoded genes in Arabidopsis.

Ligand-responsive synthetic riboswitches are versatile and innovative tools for external gene regulation in pro- and eukaryotes. Riboswitches are small cis-regulatory RNA elements that regulate gene expression by conformational changes in response to ligand binding. In plants, synthetic riboswitches were used to regulate gene expression in plastids, but the application of synthetic riboswitches for the regulation of nuclear-encoded genes in planta has not been reported so far. Here we characterize the properties of a theophylline-responsive synthetic aptazyme for control of nuclear-encoded transgenes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Activation of the aptazyme, inserted in the 3-UTR of the target gene, resulted in rapid self-cleavage and subsequent decay of the mRNA. This riboswitch allowed reversible, theophylline-dependent downregulation of the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) reporter gene in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Insertion of the riboswitch into the One Helix Protein 1 (OHP1) gene allowed complementation of ohp1 mutants and induction of the mutant phenotype by theophylline. GFP or OHP1 transcript levels were downregulated by maximally 90%, and GFP protein levels by 95%. These results establish artificial riboswitches as tools for externally controlled gene expression in synthetic biology in plants or functional crop design.