Assessment of the effects of different tree species on urban microclimate.

Trees in urban areas are important for their ecological functions in addition to their esthetic characteristics. Trees provide positive effects on urban microclimate by canopy, reflection, and transpiration activities; therefore, they help to decline formation of heat island. The objective of this study was to determine thermal effects of 15 different tree types: 4 coniferous and 11 deciduous species commonly found in the city of Erzurum located at the northeastern part of Turkey. The relationships between sky view factor and surface temperature regarding the differences in leaf density and tree species. In August 2016, the surface temperature of trees was measured using a thermal camera at 10:00 am and 4:00 pm hours. Sky view factor (SVF) was obtained by fisheye photos and physiologically characteristics of trees were determined. In all trees while the surface temperature was 20.1 °C at 10:00 am, it was 23.4 °C at 4:00 pm. Among the deciduous tree species, Betula verrucosa Ehrh. and Robinia pseudoacacia "Umbracuifera" had the lowest surface temperature; however, Abies concolor (Gord. & Glen.) had the lowest surface temperature among the coniferous tree species. The results indicated that the surface temperatures of different tree species varied considerably, and the SVF value had a significant effect on tree surface temperatures. However, it was obtained that the leaf types had no statistically significant effect on tree surface temperature.