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Periorbital hyperpigmentation (POH) is a common dermatological condition, also known as periorbital melanosis, periocular hyperpigmentation dark circles under the eyes (DC), infraorbital discoloration, infraorbital darkening, or idiopathic cutaneous hyperchromia of the orbital region. It is a common
Gingival enlargement (GE) is one of the most common soft tissue problems in patients undergoing orthodontic fixed treatment, particularly when spaces are rapidly closed and oral hygiene is poor. The mechanism by which GE occurs during orthodontic treatment is not fully understood. The initiation and
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious debilitating and deadly disease causing significant mortality and morbidity globally. Diabetic macular oedema is the most common cause of visual loss in the working population.
In 1985, the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) demonstrated that focal
Age-related macular degeneration ( AMD) is a disease affecting the macula, the central area of the retina. There are two main types of AMD. Geographic atrophy ( dry) AMD and neovascular ( wet) AMD. In neovascular AMD, subretinal neovascular membranes develop beneath the retina. The new vessels can