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Sleep apnea and coronary artery disease are prevalent and relevant diseases due to their morbidity and mortality. The mechanism by which sleep apnea leads to coronary artery disease remains unclear. It is known that intermittent hypoxia, the main characteristic of sleep apnea, leads to inflammation
Rapid estrogen level decline after menopause is associated with systemic bone loss in women leading to osteopenia/osteoporosis. Estrogen therapy (ET) improves bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. Currently, ET has been associated with statistically significant increased risk of breast
In response to various stresses, cells can launch a process of "self-eating", termed autophagy. Thereby, components of the cell are catabolically digested via specific lysosomes called autophagosomes, to provide the cell with energy and other necessary factors to serve as a temporary survival