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Effects of scopolamine on antipredator defense reactions in wild and laboratory rats.

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Two experiments were designed to investigate the effects of scopolamine hydrobromide (0.25-1.0 mg/kg), and its methyl derivative, on the defensive reactions of rats to nonpainful threat stimuli. In the first experiment, over the dose range studied neither compound significantly altered avoidance,

Effect of wild ginseng on scopolamine-induced acetylcholine depletion in the rat hippocampus.

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OBJECTIVE The ameliorating effects of wild ginseng on learning and memory deficits were investigated in rats. METHODS Rats were treated daily with wild ginseng or cultivated ginseng for 7 days at 30 min before scopolamine injection (2 mg/kg, i.p.). After inducing cognitive impairment by the

Ginsenosides Rg5 and Rk1 Enriched Cultured Wild Ginseng Root Extract Bioconversion of Pediococcus pentosaceus HLJG0702: Effect on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Dysfunction in Mice.

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Wild ginseng is known to contain additional physiologically and pharmacologically active substances than common ginseng. The utilization of this herb can be maximized by altering its composition via tissue culture generating adventitious roots. We enriched the content of specific ginsenosides and

Memory enhancing effects of BPN14770, an allosteric inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-4D, in wild-type and humanized mice.

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Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) have beneficial effects on memory in preclinical and clinical studies. Development of these drugs has stalled due to dose-limiting side effects of nausea and emesis. While use of subtype-selective inhibitors (i.e., for PDE4A, B, or D) could overcome this

Sensorimotor gating and vigilance-dependent choice accuracy: a within-subject correlative analysis in wild-type C57BL/6 mice.

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Deterioration in attention and related processes is an early sign in schizophrenia predictive of disease development. Amongst the various translational paradigms for assessing attention in rodents, it is not known if they are equivalent in detecting individual differences. Answers here are pertinent

Effects of muscarinic receptor antagonists on cocaine discrimination in wild-type mice and in muscarinic receptor M1, M2, and M4 receptor knockout mice.

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Muscarinic M1/M4 receptor stimulation can reduce abuse-related effects of cocaine and may represent avenues for treating cocaine addiction. Muscarinic antagonists can mimic and enhance effects of cocaine, including discriminative stimulus (SD) effects, but the receptor subtypes mediating those

Discrimination of wild types and hybrids of Duboisia myoporoides and Duboisia leichhardtii at different growth stages using 1H NMR-based metabolite profiling and tropane alkaloids-targeted HPLC-MS analysis.

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Duboisia species, which belong to the family of Solanaceae, are commercially cultivated in large scale, as they are main source of the pharmaceutically-used active compound scopolamine. In this study, 1H NMR-based metabolite profiling linking primary with secondary metabolism and additional

[Overexpression of NtPMT and HnH6H changed hyoscyamine-rich Atropa belladonna to scopolamine-rich varieties].

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Atropa belladonna L. is the commercial plant material for production of tropane alkaloids, including hyoscyamine and scopolamine. The wild-type Atropa belladonna is characterized by the hyoscyamine-rich chemotype, in which the hyoscyamine content is much higher than the scopolamine content. It is

[Scopolamine and hyoscyamine synthesis in hair roots culture of Datura metel].

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OBJECTIVE To establish the hair roots culture system of Datura metel and study the hair roots growth and biosynthesis of scopolamine and hyoscyamine in hair roots culturing system. METHODS Direct degermed cotyledon of wild D. metel was infected by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58C1 to obtain

Scopolamine impairs eyeblink conditioning in cerebellar LTD-deficient mice.

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We investigated the effect of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist scopolamine on eyeblink conditioning in glutamate receptor subunit 62 null mice, which have severe impairments in cerebellar long-term depression (LTD). Mice were injected intraperitoneally with scopolamine (0.5

Enhancing the scopolamine production in transgenic plants of Atropa belladonna by overexpressing pmt and h6h genes.

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Atropa belladonna is officially deemed as the commercial plant to produce scopolamine in China. In this study we report the simultaneous overexpression of two functional genes involved in biosynthesis of scopolamine, which encode the upstream key enzyme putrescine N-methyltransferase (PMT) and the

Efficient biosynthesis of rare natural product scopolamine using E. coli cells expressing a S14P/K97A mutant of hyoscyamine 6β-hydroxylase AaH6H.

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Hyoscyamine 6β-hydroxylase (H6H, EC 1.14.11.11), an α-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase catalyzes the hydroxylation of (-)-hyoscyamine and the subsequent epoxidation of 6β-hydroxyhyoscyamine to form scopolamine, a valuable natural alkaloid. In this study, random mutagenesis and site-directed

Role of cholinergic receptors in locomotion induced by scopolamine and oxotremorine-M.

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Mesopontine cholinergic neurons activate dopamine neurons important for reward-seeking and locomotor activity. The present studies tested whether cholinergic receptor blockade in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) altered locomotion induced by scopolamine (3 mg/kg i.p.) or by oxotremorine-M (0.1

Neuroprotective Effects of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase on Scopolamine Induced Memory Impairment.

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AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an important regulator of energy metabolism, is activated in response to cellular stress when intracellular levels of AMP increase. We investigated the neuroprotective effects of AMPK against scopolamine-induced memory impairment in vivo and glutamate-induced

Protective effects of cultured and fermented ginseng extracts against scopolamine-induced memory loss in a mouse model.

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This study was performed to investigate the effect of a concentrate of fermented wild ginseng root culture (HLJG0701) on memory improvement in the scopolamine (SPL)-induced memory-deficient mouse model. Eight-week-old male ICR mice were used to evaluate the protective effect of HLJG0701 against the

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