Iron and Phosphate Deficiency Regulators Concertedly Control Coumarin Profiles in Arabidopsis thaliana Roots During Iron, Phosphate, and Combined Deficiencies.

Plants face varying nutrient conditions, to which they have to adapt to. Adaptive responses are nutrient-specific and strategies to ensure supply and homeostasis for one nutrient might be opposite to another one, as shown for phosphate (P_i) and iron (Fe) deficiency responses, where many genes are regulated in an opposing manner. This was also observed on the metabolite levels. Whereas root and exudate levels of catechol-type coumarins, phenylpropanoid-derived 2-benzopyranones, which facilitate Fe acquisition, are elevated after Fe deficiency, they are decreased after P_i deficiency. Exposing plants to combined P_i and Fe deficiency showed that the generation of coumarin profiles in Arabidopsis thaliana roots by P_i deficiency considerably depends on the availability of Fe. Similarly, the effect of Fe deficiency on coumarin profiles is different at low compared to high P_i availability. These findings suggest a fine-tuning of coumarin profiles, which depends on Fe and P_i availability. T-DNA insertion lines exhibiting aberrant expression of genes involved in the regulation of P_i starvation responses (PHO1, PHR1, bHLH32, PHL1, SPX1) and Fe starvation responses (BRUTUS, PYE, bHLH104, FIT) were used to analyze the regulation of the generation of coumarin profiles in Arabidopsis thaliana roots by P_i, Fe, and combined P_i and Fe deficiency. The analysis revealed a role of several Fe-deficiency response regulators in the regulation of Fe and of P_i deficiency-induced coumarin profiles as well as for P_i deficiency response regulators in the regulation of P_i and of Fe deficiency-induced coumarin profiles. Additionally, the regulation of Fe deficiency-induced coumarin profiles by Fe deficiency response regulators is influenced by P_i availability. Conversely, regulation of P_i deficiency-induced coumarin profiles by P_i deficiency response regulators is modified by Fe availability.