Corinthian currant supplementation: 1.5 g CHO/kg BW prior to exercise

Glucose drink (Top Star 100, Esteriplas, Portugal) supplementation: 1.5 g CHO/kg BW prior to exercise

Water ingestion: 7 ml/kg BW prior to exercise

Athletic Performance

Oxidative Stress

Inflammation

Supplementation of 1.5 g CHO/kg BW in the form of Corinthian currant prior to exercise

Corinthian currant

Supplementation of 1.5 g CHO/kg BW in the form of glucose drink prior to exercise

Glucose drink

Supplementation of 7ml/kg BW prior to exercise

Water ingestion

School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly

Ergogenic and Antioxidant Effects of Corinthian Currant

Effects of Corinthian Currant Supplementation on Redox Status, Inflammatory Markers, and Performance During Prolonged Exercise

Participants performed an exercise protocol on a cycloergometer (Cycloergometer, Monark 834, ERGOMED C, Sweeden) consisted of 90 min of cycling at 70% - 75% VO2max, followed by a time trial (TT) at 95% VO2max to exhaustion or until the participants could not maintain a pace above 60 rpm. Gas exchange was monitored for the first 15 min until the desired steady state is established (70% - 75% VO2max), and every 25 min for 5 min thereafter.

Blood GLU concentration was assessed as a marker of human metabolism. Blood GLU concentration was estimated in a Clinical Chemistry Analyzer Z 1145 (Zafiropoulos Diagnostica, Athens, Greece) with commercially available kits (Zafiropoulos, Athens, Greece). Each sample is analyzed in duplicates.

Blood LA concentration was assessed as a marker of human metabolism. Blood LA concentration was estimated in a Clinical Chemistry Analyzer Z 1145 (Zafiropoulos Diagnostica, Athens, Greece) with commercially available kits (Zafiropoulos, Athens, Greece). Each sample is analyzed in duplicates.

Cardiorespiratory changes were recorded throughout the entire exercise. Gas exchange was monitored using a gas analyzer (CareFusion, Viasis, Yorba Linda, USA).

Assessment of CBC was performed in an automated hematological analyzer (Mythic 18, Orphee SA, Geneva, Switzerland).

GSH will be measured as a general index of oxidative stress. For GSH, 20 μL of erythrocyte lysate will be treated with 5% TCA mixed with 660 μL of 67 mM sodium potassium phosphate (pH 8.0) and 330 ΜL of 1 mM 5,5-dithiobis-2 nitrobenzoate. The samples will be incubated in the dark at room temperature for 45 min, and the absorbance will be read at 412 nm.

GSSG will be measured as a general index of oxidative stress. Blood collected will be treated with NEM. For the analysis, 50 μL of erythrocyte lysate will be treating with 5% TCA and neutralized up to pH 7.0-7.5. One microliter of 2-vinylpyridine will be added, and the samples will be incubated for 2 h. Sample will be treated with TCA and will be mixed with 600 μL of 143 mM sodium phosphate 100 ΜL of 3 mM NADPH, 100 ΜL of 10 mM 5,5-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoate, and 194 μL of distilled water. After the addition of 1 μL of glutathione reductase, the change in absorbance at 412 nm will be read for 3 min.

TBARS will be measured as an index of lipid peroxidation. For TBARS determination, 100 μL of plasma will be mixed with 500 ΜL of 35% TCA and 500 μL of Tris-HCl (200 mM, pH 7.4) and will be incubated for 10 min at room temperature. One milliliter of 2 M Na2SO4 and 55 mM thiobarbituric acid solution will be added, and the samples will be incubated at 95O C for 45 min. The samples will be cooled on ice for 5 min and then will be vortexed after adding 1 mL of 70% TCA. The samples will be centrifuged at 15,000g for 3 min, and the absorbance of the supernatant will be read at 530 nm.

Changes in Protein carbonyls, PC (nmol/mg pr) Carbonyls will be measured as an index of protein oxidation. Protein carbonyls will be determined adding 50 μL of 20% TCA to 50 μL of plasma. Samples will be incubated in the dark at room temperature for 1 hour. The supernatant will be discarded, and 1 mL of 10% TCA will be added. The supernatant will be discarded, and 1 mL of ethanol-ethyl acetate will be added and centrifuged. The supernatant will be discarded, and 1 mL of 5 M urea will be added, vortexed, and incubated at 37C for 15 min. The samples will be centrifuged at 15,000g for 3 min at 4C, and the absorbance will be read at 375 nm.

vitis vinifera/asthenia

Ergogenic and Antioxidant Effects of Corinthian Currant

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