Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planning) and one tablet containing lactose once a day for three days immediately after the scaling and root planning.

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planning) and one tablet containing 500 milligrams (mg) of Azithromycin once a day for three days immediately after the scaling and root planning.

Periodontitis

Tablet containing lactose Procedure: Periodontal treatment Scaling and root planning

Lactose tab

Tablet containing 500mg Azithromicyn. Procedure: Periodontal treatment Scaling and root planning

Azithromycin

Universidad Nacional Andres Bello

Efficacy of Azithromycin as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment

Clinical and Microbiological Efficacy of a Azithromycin as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment : A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Before, 1, 3 and 6 month after performing SRP with placebo or azithromycin, PD was measured in all the patients in the study and corresponds to the distance in millimeters from the gingival margin (MG) to the inserted probe´s tip of the most apical portion of the periodontal pocket. It was obtained by measuring with a North Carolina periodontal probe (Hu-Friedy® Manufacturing Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), from the bottom of the pocket to the MG, in a position parallel to the vertical axis of the tooth, with a pressure no greater than 0.25 Newton (N). PD was performed in a circular direction over the entire surface of each tooth, registering the 6 deepest sites per tooth (mesiobuccal, buccal, distobuccal, distolingual, lingual and mesiolingual).
Subsequently, those sites with PD ≥ 3 mm, PD ≥ 4 mm, PD ≥ 7 mm were counted and the student t test was applied to observe if there were significant differences between both treatment groups.

Percentage of subjects presenting low (≤ 4 sites with PD ≥ 5 mm),moderate (5-8 sites with PD ≥ 5 mm) or high (≥ 9 sites with PD ≥5 mm), before and 6 month after performing SRP with placebo or azithromycin.

Before and 6 month after performing SRP, CAL was measured in all the patients in the study and corresponds to the distance measured in millimeters from the cementum enamel junction to the tip of the probe inserted to the most apical portion of the periodontal pocket. It was obtained using a North Carolina periodontal probe (Hu-Friedy® Manufacturing Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), in a position parallel to the vertical axis of the tooth, with a pressure not greater than 0.25 N.

Before,1,3 and 6 month after performing SRP, BI was measured in all the patients in the study. BI is percentage of dental surfaces with staining, through the use of biofilm developers. To obtain the index, a curaprox developer tablet was dissolved in a plastic cup with water and with a cotton ball this solution was applied on all of the tooth surfaces, recording only those that were stained. The calculation was made by dividing the surfaces that stained by the total surfaces, which corresponds to the number of teeth present multiplied by 4, and multiplying this value by 100. Subsequently, student t test was applied to observe if there were significant differences between both treatment groups.

Before,1, 3 and 6 month after performing SRP, BOP was measured in all the patients in the study. BOP is the percentage of surfaces that bleed when probing. It was recorded during PD measurement with a North Carolina periodontal probe (Hu-Friedy® Manufacturing Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and was considered positive if it occurs 20 seconds after probing. The calculation was made by dividing the sites that bled by the total sites, which corresponds to the number of teeth present multiplied by 6, and multiplying this value by 100. Subsequently, student t test was applied to observe if there were significant differences between both treatment groups.

Before, 3 and 6 month after performing SRP, the microbiological examination was performed on both groups. The biofilm samples were analyzed to detect the presence of four bacterial species: Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia (Tf), Treponema denticola (Td), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Mariely Navarrete

Associate Professor, Director of Graduate Periodontics Faculty of Dentistry Andres Bello University, Viña del Mar campus

A double-blind, randomized controlled trial, where patients with a history of Moderate Periodontitis with moderate rate of progression (Stage II grade B) and Severe Periodontitis with potencial for additional tooth loss and moderate rate of progression (Stage III grade B). The intervention group received non-surgical periodontal therapy (SRP) plus azithromycin, and the control group received SRP plus placebo. The clinical variables were measured before the treatment, and in the first, third and sixth month of the end of the SRP, while the microbiological variables were measured before the treatment and in the third and sixth month after treatment.

Glucose breath test, 75 g glucose in 250 ml water. Breath samples collected at baseline and every 15 min for 2 hours

Fructose breath test, 25 g fructose in 250 ml water. Breath samples collected at baseline and every 30 min for 3 hours

Lactose breath test, 25 g lactose in 250 ml water. Breath samples collected at baseline and every 30 min for 5 hours

Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth

Lactose Intolerance

Fructose Intolerance

Glucose Intolerance

Augusta University

Clinical Utility of Breath Tests in GI

Clinical Utility of Carbohydrate Breath Tests in Unexplained GI Symptoms

bacterial overgrowth which results in the inability to absorb nutrients

significant increase in the level of Hydrogen greater than or equal to 20ppm or methane greater than or equal to 15ppm or both above greater than or equal to 15ppm baseline.

significant rise in hydrogen and/or methane levels

both the presence of malabsorption and the onset of new symptom or an increase (greater than or equal to 1) in the severity of baseline symptoms

absence of GI symptoms or change in symptoms during the test together with no significant increase in the levels of hydrogen and methane.

significant increase (greater than or equal to 1) in the severity of two or more baseline symptoms together with no significant rise in hydrogen or methane levels

Patients with a positive lactose-breath test and complaints during the test

Patients with a positive lactose-breath test and no complaints during the test

Subjects with a negative lactose-breath test

TARGID, KU Leuven

Comparison of the Colonic Metabolism in Patients With Lactose Intolerance and Healthy Controls

Fecal water, prepared by ultracentrifugation of fecal samples, will be incubated with HT-29 cells, a colonic adenocarcinoma cell line. Fecal water genotoxicity will be assessed using the Comet Assay, a sensitive method to detect DNA damage at the level of the individual eukaryotic cell. During the Comet Assay, the cells undergo electrophoresis causing movement of the damaged DNA out of the nucleus. The amount of DNA damage will be determined by measuring the extent the DNA has moved out of the nucleus, using fluorescent microcropy and dedicated software.

Fecal water cytotoxicity will be measured using the WST-1 assay, a colorimetric test based on the conversion of the tetrazolium salt WST-1 by cellular mitochondrial dehydrogenases present in viable cells. The dilution of fecal water at which 50% of the cells survive will be determined. The higher the dilution, the more cytotoxic the sample is.

galactose/diarreja

Efficacy of Azithromycin as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment

Clinical Utility of Breath Tests in GI

Comparison of the Colonic Metabolism in Patients With Lactose Intolerance and Healthy Controls

Effect of Fructose on Colonic Microflora

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