Assessment of toxic impact of metals on proline, antioxidant enzymes, and biological characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa inoculated Cicer arietinum grown in chromium and nickel-stressed sandy clay loam soils.

Considering the heavy metal risk to soil microbiota and agro-ecosystems, the study was designed to determine metal toxicity to bacteria and to find metal tolerant bacteria carrying multifarious plant growth promoting activities and to assess their impact on chickpea cultivated in stressed soils. Metal tolerant strain SFP1 recognized as Pseudomonas aeruginosa employing 16S rRNA gene sequence determination showed maximum tolerance to Cr (400 μg/ml) and Ni (800 μg/ml) and produced variable amounts of indole acetic acid, HCN, NH3, and ACC deaminase and could solubilize insoluble phosphates even under Cr (VI) and Ni stress. Metal tolerant P. aeruginosa reduced toxicity of Cr (VI) and Ni and concomitantly enhanced the performance of chickpea grown under stressed and conventional soils. At 144 mg Cr kg-1, the measured parameters of a bacterial strain was significantly enhanced, but it was lower compared to those recorded at 660 mg Ni kg-1. The strain SFP1 demonstrated maximum increase in seed yield (81%) and grain protein (16%) at 660 mg Ni kg-1 over uninoculated and untreated control. Stressed plants had more proline, antioxidant enzymes, and metal concentrations in plant tissues. P. aeruginosa, however, remarkably declined the level of stress markers (proline and APX, SOD, CAT, and GR), as well as with Cr (VI) and Ni uptake by chickpea. Conclusively, P. aeruginosa strain SFP1 due to its dual metal tolerant ability, capacity to secrete plant growth promoting regulators even under metal stress and potential to mitigate metal toxicity, could be developed as microbial inoculant for enhancing chickpea production in Cr and Ni contaminated soils.