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Synergistic interactions between volicitin, jasmonic acid and ethylene mediate insect-induced volatile emission in Zea mays.

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Plants display differential responses following mechanical damage and insect herbivory. Both caterpillar attack and the application of caterpillar oral secretions (OS) to wounded leaves stimulates volatile emission above mechanical damage alone. Volicitin (N-17-hydroxylinolenoyl-l-glutamine),

N-(18-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine: a newly discovered analog of volicitin in Manduca sexta and its elicitor activity in plants.

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Plants attacked by insect herbivores release a blend of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that serve as chemical cues for host location by parasitic wasps, natural enemies of the herbivores. Volicitin, N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine, is one of the most active VOC elicitors found in herbivore

The influence of intact-plant and excised-leaf bioassay designs on volicitin- and jasmonic acid-induced sesquiterpene volatile release in Zea mays.

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Induced plant responses to insect attack include the release of volatile chemicals. These volatiles are used as host-location signals by foraging parasitoids, which are natural enemies of insect herbivores. A plant's response to herbivory can be influenced by factors present in insect oral

Transcriptional activation of Igl, the gene for indole formation in Zea mays: a structure-activity study with elicitor-active N-acyl glutamines from insects.

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The indole-3-glycerol phosphate lyase Igl is the structural gene of volatile indole biosynthesis in the tritrophic interaction in maize. The gene is activated on transcriptional level with the same kinetics and to the same level by the fatty acid-amino acid conjugates (FAC's) volicitin

Emission of herbivore elicitor-induced sesquiterpenes is regulated by stomatal aperture in maize (Zea mays) seedlings.

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Maize seedlings emit sesquiterpenes during the day in response to insect herbivory. Parasitoids and predators use induced volatile blends to find their hosts or prey. To investigate the diurnal regulation of biosynthesis and emission of induced sesquiterpenes, we applied linolenoyl-L-glutamine (LG)

Nitrogen deficiency increases volicitin-induced volatile emission, jasmonic acid accumulation, and ethylene sensitivity in maize.

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Insect herbivore-induced plant volatile emission and the subsequent attraction of natural enemies is facilitated by fatty acid-amino acid conjugate (FAC) elicitors, such as volicitin [N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine], present in caterpillar oral secretions. Insect-induced jasmonic acid (JA) and

Fatty acid-amino acid conjugates diversification in lepidopteran caterpillars.

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Fatty acid amino acid conjugates (FACs) have been found in noctuid as well as sphingid caterpillar oral secretions; in particular, volicitin [N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine] and its biochemical precursor, N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine, are known elicitors of induced volatile emissions in corn

In situ translocation of volicitin by beet armyworm larvae to maize and systemic immobility of the herbivore elicitor in planta.

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Volicitin (N-[17-hydroxylinolenoyl]-L glutamine) present in the regurgitant of beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) activates the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) when in contact with damaged corn (Zea mays L.) leaves. VOC emission in turn serves as a signaling defense for the plant by

Establishment and maintenance of friable, embryogenic maize callus and the involvement of L-proline.

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Friable, embryogenic maize (Zea mays L.), inbred line A188, callus was established and maintained for more than one year without apparent loss of friability or embryogenic potential. Embryoid development was abundant in these cultures and plants were easily regenerated. Frequencies of friable-callus

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