Dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil and monensin in combination is antagonistic to growth performance of yearling Holstein bulls

Our previous work indicated that feeding oregano essential oil (OEO) in combination with monensin (MON) may not be mutually beneficial to dairy calf growth performance. To evaluate this observation further, a 240-d long-term growth experiment was conducted using 12 young growing Holstein bulls using a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement. Main factors were OEO and MON arranged in 4 individual treatments: (1) ration fed without OEO or MON (control), (2) OEO fed at 26 mg/kg of dry matter (DM), (3) MON fed at 25 mg/kg of DM, and (4) OEO and MON fed in combination (OEO+MON). Holstein bulls were 70 d of age and similar in body weight (BW; 93.3 ± 4.54 kg) and individually fed for 240 d. The targeted feeding rates of OEO and MON were blended into 200 g of concentrate and top dressed each morning to a corn stalklage-based ration. Body weights, frame measurements, and blood samples were collected monthly. Interactions of OEO by MON were detected for BW, BW gain, average daily gain, and a trend for feed conversion. Bulls fed OEO or MON demonstrated greater final BW (368, 385, 381, and 358 kg for control, OEO, MON, and OEO+MON, respectively), and BW gains (278, 292, 285, and 265 kg) and average daily gain (1.16, 1.22, 1.19, 1.11 kg/d) were greatest for bulls fed OEO or MON compared with bulls fed OEO+MON; bulls fed the control were intermediate and similar to bulls fed MON. Intake of DM was greater for bulls fed OEO (6.55, 6.99, 6.60, and 6.42 kg/d) compared with bulls fed remaining treatments. Frame growth gain measurements for heart girth, abdominal girth, withers height, body length, and cannon bone circumference were similar for bulls fed all treatments. Serum triglyceride (0.23, 0.25, 0.28, and 0.24 mmol/L) concentrations were greater for bulls fed MON compared with bulls fed the control and OEO+MON, and bulls fed OEO were intermediate and similar. Cholesterol (2.06, 2.29, 2.20, and 2.07 mmol/L) concentrations were greater for bulls fed OEO compared with bulls fed the control and OEO+MON, and bulls fed MON were intermediate and similar. Serum antioxidant measurements were similar for bulls fed all treatments. Serum IgA, IgG, and IgM concentrations were similar for bulls fed all treatments. Feeding OEO or MON separately can improve growth performance of growing Holstein bulls. We do not know why the combination of OEO and MON is antagonistic to growth performance of Holstein bulls. However, these technologies should not be fed in combination to growing dairy cattle.

Keywords: Holstein; calves; growth; monensin; oregano essential oil.