All subjects will be in this arm which employs a pre-post exposure design. Subjects will undergo a 2 week washout period where they avoid consumption of benzoate containing beverages. Then there is a 1 week exposure period comprising daily consumption of benzoate containing beverages to result in up to 5 mg/kg per day benzoic acid intake.

Obesity

Metabolic Syndrome

Benzoic acid washout and exposure

Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University

Benzoates - an Obesogenic Endocrine Disrupting Chemical

Benzoic Acid in Beverages: Establishing a Link Between Urinary Metabolites, Metabolic Dysregulation and Weight Loss Failure

Metabolic rate as measured by indirect calorimetry

Circulating levels of the adipokine leptin will be measured using ELISA

David Nash Collier

Associate Professor of Pediatrics

East Carolina University

The intervention visit involves a test meal to be consumed by subjects attending the Human Nutrition Unit in the morning, following an overnight fast. The meal will be consumed within 15 minutes and blood (69 mL) and urine samples will be collected during 24 hours.
The test meals are designed to contain the same amount of proteins. Alternative protein meals: a number of bread buns for each meal containing individual alternative protein flours (green pea, lupin, hemp, buckwheat, fava beans). These will deliver 30 g of protein, the remainder being provided by white flour. The control (meat) meal: a lean beef steak containing 30 g of protein and a bun containing the same amount of white flour as used for the alternative protein bread buns.
The semi structured interview guide: will take place within the Human Nutrition Unit during one of the scheduled visits, once initial screening has taken place and participants have been selected. All interviews will be digitally recorded.

Healthy

Fava bean, Lupin, Beef meat, Green pea, Hemp, Buckwheat

Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen

Health Impacts of Sustainable Ingredient Selection in the Food and Drink Industry - ALTERNATIVE PROTEIN STUDY

Each intervention visit will involve a test meal to be consumed by subjects attending the Human Nutrition Unit (HNU) in the morning, following an overnight fast. They will be provided with a meal, which will be consumed within 15 minutes and blood (69 mL) and urine samples will be collected during 24 hours .
Biomarkers of satiety as measured by gut-related hormones and subjective appetite using visual analogue scales, specifically to be collected during the meal over a three hour period, every 30 minutes. The energy intake measured for each volunteer after an ad libitum lunch (five hours after test meal).
Biomarkers of CVD risk including total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL), triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA).
Assessment of peripheral glycaemic control, fasting glucose, area under the curve combined with insulin data.

The intervention visit will involve a test meal to be consumed by subjects attending the Human Nutrition Unit (HNU) in the morning, following an overnight fast. They will be provided with a meal, which will be consumed within 15 minutes and blood (69 mL) and urine samples will be collected during 24 hours
Plasma and urine markers of important phytochemical and protein metabolites will be quantitatively analysed to determine the systemic availability, in vivo concentrations and excretion times.

With regard to the social science component of the project, in-depth semi-structured interviews will be used for assessing the volunteers view towards diets rich in alternative plant proteins. For each volunteer will be conducted an digitally recorded interview(one hour), during one of the scheduled visits at the Human Nutrition Unit, once initial screening has taken place and participants have been selected.

University of Aberdeen

Overweight

Subjects will consume 500ml of water with 0.5 grams of sodium benzoate, followed by a solution of 75g sugar in 500ml water with 0.5 grams sodium benzoate 3 hours later.
Each solution will be consumed over 5 minutes.

benzoate containing test drinks

Subjects will consume 500ml of water followed by a solution of 75g sugar in 500ml water 3 hours later.
Each solution will be consumed over 5 minutes.

non sodium benzoate containing test drinks

Massachusetts General Hospital

Children's Hospital

Effects of a Food Preservative on Glucose Homeostasis

Plasma glucose will be measured at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post ingestion of each test solution, and area under the curve will be calculated.

Serum Insulin will be measured at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post ingestion of each test solution, and area under the curve will be calculated.

Plasma Glucagon will be measured at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post ingestion of each test solution, and area under the curve will be calculated.

Metabolite analysis will be performed on blood samples at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post ingestion of each test solution, and area under the curve will be calculated.

benzoic/fetma

Benzoates - an Obesogenic Endocrine Disrupting Chemical

Health Impacts of Sustainable Ingredient Selection in the Food and Drink Industry - ALTERNATIVE PROTEIN STUDY

Effects of a Food Preservative on Glucose Homeostasis

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