The present invention provides compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods that are useful in modulating the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). As FXR is involved in negatively controlling the expression level of cholesterol 7.alpha.-hydroxylase (cyp7a), the rate-limiting enzyme involved in the oxidative metabolism of cholesterol into bile acids, the compounds described herein find utility in treating diseases associated with abnormally high or low cholesterol levels. In certain aspects, the FXR modulators (e.g., antagonists) described herein block the negative feed-back downregulation of cyp7a expression produced by certain cholic acids, the endogenous ligands for FXR. Moreover, as FXR forms heterodimers with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) in some cell types, modulation of the level of FXR activity in cells has a wide range of effects on a variety of biological processes which are mediated by RXR or other RXR-interacting proteins such as PPAR.gamma. and PPAR.alpha.. Thus, compounds described herein are useful in treating other biological activities such as obesity, diabetes, lipid associated disorders, cancer, inflammatory disorders, disorders involving a disrupted or dysfunctional epidermal barrier, and various other metabolic disorders.

Tularik, Inc.

FXR modulators

Amgen Inc.

A horse feed mixture and method of treating a horse is disclosed. Feed mixtures disclosed contains more than 15% spelt, vegetable oil and vitamins and have less than 20% by weight fillers and less than 5% by weight sugar. The feed may be used to treat ailments including underweight condition, founder, colic, obesity, ulcers, inflammation, and chronic disease.

Baginski; Debra

Horse feed and treatment methods

An antiobestic agent of the present invention having antiobestic effect, carbohydrase inhibitory effect, blood sugar increase inhibitory effect, monosaccharide absorption inhibitory effect, cholic acid adsorptive excretion promoting effect, cholesterol lowering effect, blood triglyceride lowering effect and lipase inhibitory effect and being useful not only as an antiobestic agent but also as an antilipotrophic agent, an antihyperlipemic agent, an antiarteriosclerotic agent and an antidiabetic agent. Tamarind seed coat extract containing a large amount of procyanidin, which is a trimer represented by the following formula and serves as the active ingredient in the present invention, exhibits a potent antiobestic effect as such without the need for further purification. The antiobestic agent of the present invention is usable as a carbohydrase inhibitor, a blood sugar increase inhibitor, a monosaccharide absorption inhibitor, a cholic acid adsorptive excretion promoter, a cholesterol lowering agent, a blood triglyceride lowering agent and a lipase inhibitor. Moreover, use of the antiobestic agent makes it possible to produce foods or beverages and animal feeds having these effects, thus contributing to the relief or prevention of diabetes and obesity in our daily life ##STR1##

colic/fetma

FXR modulators

FXR modulators

Horse feed and treatment methods

Antiobestic agent containing procyanidin as the active ingredient

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