Adult patients with a definitive diagnosis of NCWS, based on DBPC wheat challenge, most of them suffering from IBS-like-clinical presentation, according to Rome IV criteria. The patients were consecutively recruited between January 2016 and October 2017 at the outpatient clinics of the Department of Internal Medicine of the University Hospital of Palermo and the Department of Internal Medicine of the Hospital of Sciacca (both in southern Italy)

Consecutive healthy blood donors sex- (+ 5%) and age-matched (+ 2 years) with the NCWS patients.

Consecutive patients with a diagnosis of IBS unrelated to NCWS or other types of food "intolerance/allergy", who were consecutively recruited during the study period and sex- (+ 5%) and age-matched (+ 2 years) with the NCWS patients.

Non-celiac Gluten Sensitivity

Non-celiac Wheat Sensitivity

Department of Internal Medicine, Giovanni Paolo II Hospital of Sciacca

Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Palermo

Autoimmune Diseases and Serum Autoantibodies in NCWS and IBS Patients

Autoimmune Diseases and Serum Autoantibodies in Non-celiac Wheat Sensitivity Patients in Comparison to IBS Patients

The presence of autoimmune disorders both in NCWS and IBS control patients was evaluated by a structured questionnaire and a review of patients' clinical records. The presence of one of the following was looked for in all subjects: connective tissue diseases, autoimmune endocrinological diseases, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, epilepsy with cerebral calcification, unexplained cerebellar ataxia, alopecia, psoriasis, atrophic autoimmune gastritis, and immune anemia, neutropenia, or thrombocytopenia.

The frequency, titers and patterns of serum ANA, antibodies against double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA), extractable nuclear antigen (ENA), islet cells of the pancreas (ICA), parietal cell antibodies (APCA), and, finally, tireoglobulin (anti-TG) and thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) were evaluated by ELISA and Immunofluorescence.

Frequency of autoimmune diseases and autoantibodies were correlated with the following clinical and laboratory parameters: age at diagnosis, gender, coexistent pathologies, atopic diseases and nickel allergy, anemia, coexistent other food allergies, presence of IBS-like symptoms, functional dyspepsia, and extraintestinal symptoms, BMI, duodenal histology lesions, and DQ2/DQ8 HLA haplotypes.

Pasquale Mansueto

Clinical Professor

University of Palermo

Wheat flour will be administered blindly versus placebo for 7 days

Placebo will be administered blindly versus wheat flour for 7 days

Not-celiac Wheat Sensitivity (NCWS)

Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF)

Wheat flour will be administered once daily for 7 days

Wheat flour

Placebo Comparator

Gluten-related Disorders in Familial Mediterranean Fever Patients

Gluten-related Disorders in Patients Affected With Familial Mediterranean Fever

Fibromyalgia symptoms of patients, evaluated by the International Severity Scoring System for Familial Mediterranean Fever (ISSF), will be scored before and after 1 week of wheat (or placebo) ingestion

Gastrointestinal symptoms of patients, evaluated by the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS), will be scored before and after 1 week of wheat (or placebo) ingestion

There will be evaluated some leukocytes cell surface antigens expression, i.e. CD45, CD56, CD117, NKp44, CD3, CD19, and CD14, from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and rectal mucosal lymphocytes before and after 1 week of wheat (or placebo) ingestion

There will be evaluated some cytokines production, i.e. IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-22, IL-17, and T-bet, from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and rectal mucosal lymphocytes before and after 1 week of wheat (or placebo) ingestion

thyroiditis/huvudvärk

Autoimmune Diseases and Serum Autoantibodies in NCWS and IBS Patients

Gluten-related Disorders in Familial Mediterranean Fever Patients

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