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Abnormal expression of an ADAR2 alternative splicing variant in gliomas downregulates adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing.

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BACKGROUND RNA editing is catalyzed by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs). ADAR2 is the main enzyme responsible for recoding editing in humans. Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing at the Q/R site is reported to be decreased in gliomas; however, the expression of ADAR2 mRNA was not greatly

Inosine attenuates tourniquet-induced skeletal muscle reperfusion injury.

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BACKGROUND Adenosine attenuates skeletal muscle reperfusion injury, but its short half-life in vivo limits potential therapeutic benefits. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether inosine, a stable adenosine metabolite, modulates skeletal muscle reperfusion injury. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were

Inosine alleviates rat caerulein pancreatitis and pancreatitis-associated lung injury.

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BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that inosine, a purine nucleoside produced during the breakdown of adenosine, has immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of inosine on the course of acute pancreatitis. METHODS Edematous pancreatitis

The novel inosine analogue INO-2002 exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in a murine model of acute lung injury.

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Endogenous purines, including inosine, have been shown to exert immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects in a variety of disease models. The dosage of inosine required for these effects has been shown to be between 200 and 600 mg kg(-1) because of the rapid metabolism of inosine in vivo. The

Bacillus anthracis edema factor substrate specificity: evidence for new modes of action.

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Since the isolation of Bacillus anthracis exotoxins in the 1960s, the detrimental activity of edema factor (EF) was considered as adenylyl cyclase activity only. Yet the catalytic site of EF was recently shown to accomplish cyclization of cytidine 5'-triphosphate, uridine 5'-triphosphate and inosine

Differential inhibition of adenylyl cyclase isoforms and soluble guanylyl cyclase by purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.

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Mammals express nine membranous adenylyl cyclase isoforms (ACs 1-9), a structurally related soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and a soluble AC (sAC). Moreover, Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus pertussis produce the AC toxins, edema factor (EF), and adenylyl cyclase toxin (ACT), respectively.

Release of adenosine by hypoxic canine lung tissue and its possible role in pulmonary circulation.

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Adenosine is a possible mediator of myocardial and skeletal muscle blood flow regulation. Whether adenosine plays a similar role in modulating the pulmonary pressor response to acute alveolar hypoxia is not known. Adenosine levels (nmol/g tissue) in lung in six dogs ventilated with 95% N2, and 5%

Clinical phenotype in a Swedish family with a mutation in the IMPDH1 gene.

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OBJECTIVE Mutations in the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 gene (IMPDH1) have recently been discovered to cause a form of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP). Such mutations are estimated to account for approximately 2-5% of the adRP cases among Americans of European origin and

Mycophenolic Acid-Induced Developmental Defects in Zebrafish Embryos.

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With the increasing use of mycophenolic acid (MPA) in solid organ transplantation, some clinical studies indicate that it is also a human teratogen. However, it is unknown by which mechanism MPA acts as a teratogen. Mycophenolic acid was a selective blocker of de novo purine synthesis, and its

Brain hypoxanthine concentration correlates to lactate/pyruvate ratio but not intracranial pressure in patients with acute liver failure.

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OBJECTIVE The pathogenesis of cerebral edema in acute liver failure is suggested, in in vitro and animal studies, to involve a compromised oxidative metabolism with a decrease in cerebral ATP levels and an increase in purine concentrations. In this study we hypothesize that the cerebral

ADAR1 is involved in the development of microvascular lung injury.

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Deamination of adenosine on pre-mRNA to inosine is a recently discovered process of posttranscription modification of pre-mRNA, termed A-to-I RNA editing, which results in the production of proteins not inherent in the genome. The present study aimed to identify a role for A-to-I RNA editing in the

Hypolipidemic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoporotic, and anti-neoplastic properties of amine carboxyboranes.

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The amine-carboxyborane derivatives were shown to be effective antineoplastic/cytotoxic agents with selective activity against single-cell and solid tumors derived from murine and human leukemias, lymphomas, sarcomas, and carcinomas. The agents inhibited DNA and RNA synthesis in preference to

Role of pulmonary adenosine during hypoxia: extracellular generation, signaling and metabolism by surface adenosine deaminase/CD26.

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Numerous parallels exist between limited oxygen availability (hypoxia) and acute inflammation. The lungs in particular are prone to acute inflammation during hypoxia, resulting in pulmonary edema, vascular leakage and neutrophil infiltration. The innate response elicited by hypoxia is associated

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