Genetic polymorphisms of the endocannabinoid system in obesity and diabetes.

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in many physiological processes including fertility, pain and energy regulation. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the ECS to adiposity and glucose metabolism. Database searches identified 734 articles, of which 65 were included; these covered 70 SNPs in genes coding for cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 , CB2 ), fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). No studies included SNPs relating to monoacylglycerol lipase or diacylglycerol lipase. The CB1 receptor SNP rs1049353 showed 17 associations with lower body mass index (BMI) and fat mass (five studies). It also showed three associations with lower insulin levels (one study). Conversely, the CB1 receptor SNP rs806368 was associated with increased BMI and waist circumference (two studies). The FAAH SNP rs324420 was associated with increased obesity (three studies). A haplotype of NAPE-PLD was associated with decreased BMI (one study). A total of 60 SNPs showed no association with any measured outcome. This review suggests a complex but important role of ECS SNPs in energy and glucose metabolism.