Studies on floral nectary, tepals' structure, and gynostemium morphology of Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz (Orchidaceae).

The lip of Epipactis palustris consists of two movably joined parts: the basal part (hypochile) with central broad isthmus and epichile with callus. The analysis of flowers provides strong evidence to conclude that the whole surface of lip callus and abaxial side of isthmus are secretory. The exudation at first appears on callus, at early stages, later on isthmus. It could be a strategy to prolong the emission of volatile substances and nectar, and this means to prolong luring pollinators. The results from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) support this conclusion. The plastids noted in callus were without starch, whereas the isthmus' cells contained partly hydrolyzed starch. Some plastids, noted in callus, had polymorphic shapes, which were often related to a starch reduction. During the depletion of starch in callus cells, the number of plastoglobuli within the plastids increased, and also lipid bodies appeared in the cytoplasm whereas, in isthmus cells, proplastids with phytoferritin were noted. The endoplasmic reticulum was in contact with plasmalemma, and the vesicles were fusing with plasmalemma in secretory cells of callus and isthmus, which is a way of granulocrine secretion. The cross-sections of sepals revealed that abaxial epidermis was tomentose, with stomata at the top of substomatal cavities. The pollen grains adhering to the rostellum-viscidium prove previous ecological observations that the rostellum-viscidium is not a barrier preventing self-pollination.