All patients in the control group will receive routine diabetes management, including lifestyle education, health guidance, blood glucose monitoring and medicine adjustment and other treatments which conducted by the endocrinology medical team. After the inclusion visit, the patients will be randomized to Shared Care group or traditional therapy group. Compared to conventional diabetes education in the traditional therapy group, the Shared Care group provides patients with online services and continuous diabetes management and education through a mobile application. It also addresses that it is important for patients to meet regularly with diabetes multidisciplinary team for better results. The total observation period is 3 years for each patient. The visits will be done every 3 months.

The Patients download the Shared Care mobile application and connect with the smart-glucometer BG1 to upload blood glucose dairy in real time. With patient's informed consent, his or her data from each visit will be collected and recorded for analysis. After the patient returns home from the clinic, they can communicate through the APP with online diabetes educators. According to protocol, online diabetes educators answer patients' questions, give suggestions on patients' diet and summarize patients' issues to physicians, who provide high level supervision.

Type 2 Diabetes

After the inclusion visit, the patients will be randomized to Shared Care group or traditional therapy group. Compared to conventional diabetes education in the traditional therapy group, the Shared Care group provides patients with online services and continuous diabetes management and education through a mobile application. It also addresses that it is important for patients to meet regularly with diabetes multidisciplinary team for better results. The total observation period is 3 years for each patient. The visits will be done every 3 months.

Shared Care diabetes management

Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University

Effectiveness of SCDM in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Effectiveness of Share Care Diabetes Management in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Glycemic achieving rate with HbA1c<7% at 1-year follow-up

Changes in HbA1c from baseline at 3, 6, and 12 months during follow-up

Changes in blood pressure and the rate of reaching the standard (< 130/80) , including systolic blood pressure less than 130mmHg and diastolic blood pressure less than 80mmHg compared with the baseline at 3, 6, and 12 months respectively during follow-up.

The changes of low density lipoprotein (LDL-c) compared with the baseline and the rate of reaching the standard (less than 2.6 mmol/L) at 3, 6, and 12 months during follow-up.

The changes of BMI from baseline and the rate of reaching the standard at 3, 6, and 12 months during follow-up. BMI is body mass index, weight and height will be combined to report BMI in kg/m^2

Patients' daily medicine expenditure (rmb / day) changed from baseline at 3, 6, and 12 months during follow-up

The change between baseline SDSCA score and SDSCA score 1 years after admission, SDSCA is scale Summary of Diabetes Self Care Activities (SDSCA), with 12 questions, each provide a minimum of 0 and maximum of 7 scores (7 indicates better self care action), total score 84.

The change between baseline C-DMSES and C-DMSES 1 years after admission. C-DMSES is Chinese Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale. The scale measures the self-efficacy level of diabetes management. The C-DMSES has 20 questions, each question has a minimum score of 0 (indicates lowest self-efficacy), maximum score of 10(indicates highest self-efficacy). the scale has totally 200 scores.

The change between baseline A-DQOL score and A-DQOL score 1 years after admission. CA-DQOL has maximum score of 230. Subscale 1 measures life satisfaction and has 15 questions, each question has a minimum score of 1 (indicates very unsatisfied), maximum score of 5(indicates very satisfied). Subscale 2 measures frequency of diabetes affects life quality, has 20 questions, each question has a minimum score of 1 (indicates never affect life quality), maximum score of 5(indicates always affect life quality). Subscale 3 measures how much the patient worries about how diabetes affects daily life and has 7 questions, each question has a minimum score of 1 (indicates never worries), maximum score of 5(indicates very worries). Subscale 4 measures how much the patient worries about the diabetes-related conditions and has 4 questions, each question has a minimum score of 1 (indicates never worries), maximum score of 5(indicates very worries).

The change between baseline Morisky score and Morisky score 1 years after admission. Morisky scale measures patients' compliance of medication usage. The Morisky scale has 4 questions, each question has a minimum score of 0 (did not comply the medical instruction), maximum score of 1(comply medical instruction). the scale has totally 4 scores.

The change between baseline DASS-C21 scale score and DASS-C21 scale score 1 years after admission. DASS-C21 scale is Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 scale in Chinese. The scale measures patients' level of depression, anxiety and stress. The scale has 21 questions, each question has a minimum score of 0 (did not meet the description), maximum score of 3(completely meet the description). the scale has totally 63 scores.

During the follow-up period, number of newly diagnosed diabetic complications, including diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy and diabetic podiatry, etc.

During the follow-up period, the progress of diabetic complications such as diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy and diabetic foot disease

During the follow-up period, the times of Emergency visits due to hyperglycemia were collected during each follow-up.

During the follow-up period, the times of Emergency visits due to hypoglycemia were collected during each follow-up.

During the follow-up period, the times of hospitalization due to hyperglycemia were collected during each follow-up.

During the follow-up period, the times of hospitalization due to hypoglycemia were collected during each follow-up.

During the follow-up period, the days of hospitalization due to hyperglycemia were collected during each follow-up.

During the follow-up period, the days of hospitalization due to hypoglycemia were collected during each follow-up.

Guang Wang

Professor and Director, Department of Endocrinology

Beijing Chao Yang Hospital

This is a prospective, randomization, parallel, controlled study.

Comparison of eGFR values and ketonemia in diabetic patients

Collection of blood sample for immunological study (blood sampling to be performed on fasting) Urine sample collection for immunological study (collection carried out on the day of the visit)

Diabetic Nephropathy Type 2

To verify if there is a correlation between the level of ketones and an alteration of the renal function in the diabetic patient, the values of the prognostic markers indicated in the protocol and the data downloaded by the glucometers will be evaluated in addition to the blood tests of the patients

ASST FBF-Sacco P.O. Sacco/Fatebenefratelli e Oftalmico

Observational Study to Evaluate the Relationship Between Ketonemia and Renal Function in the Diabetic Patient

monitoring ketones in capillary and urinary samples

ketosis/albumin

Effectiveness of SCDM in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Observational Study to Evaluate the Relationship Between Ketonemia and Renal Function in the Diabetic Patient

Glucose Control With Multiple Daily Insulin Injections In Diabetic Patients Hospitalized In A General Medicine Ward

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