Exogenously applied proline induced changes in key anatomical features and physio-biochemical attributes in water stressed oat (Avena sativa L.) plants.

Oat (Avena sativa) plants grown under 60% field capacity (water-deficit stress) were subjected to proline (40 mM) applied as a foliage spray. Water-deficit conditions suppressed plant growth, chlorophyll contents, leaf vascular bundle area, leaf phloem area and leaf midrib thickness, root diameter, root cortex thickness, stem diameter, stem vascular bundle area and stem phloem area. In contrast, water stress caused an increase in leaf proline, hydrogen peroxide, activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes, leaf bulliform cell area, leaf adaxial epidermis thickness, leaf sclerenchyma thickness, root metaxylem area, root epidermis and endodermis area, root stelar diameter, stem sclerenchyma thickness and stem epidermis thickness. However, exogenous application of proline significantly improved the plant growth, leaf proline contents, metaxylem area, mesophyll thickness, root diameter, root cortex thickness, root epidermis, endodermis thickness, stelar diameter, metaxylem area, stem diameter, stem vascular bundle area, stem epidermis area, stem phloem area and stem sclerenchyma thickness. Overall, foliar spray of proline was effective in improving drought stress tolerance which can be attributed to proline-induced significant modulations in physio-biochemical and anatomical features of oat plants.