Long-term clipping causes carbohydrate accumulation and induced transition of Alhagi sparsifolia from herbs to shrubs.

A field experiment was conducted on Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. with a long-term clipping history (5-8 years) to investigate the adaptation strategy of A. sparsifolia to long-term clipping. The present study found that long-term clipping can reduce self-shading and increase the photosynthesis rate (Pn) in May. During the whole growth season, clipped plants can maintain a high Pn with less variation, which we denote as a 'stable photosynthesis strategy'. Although Pn in unclipped plants was higher than in the long-term clipping treatment in August, clipped plants accumulated more carbohydrates in shoots. The enhanced amount of carbohydrates could be correlated with the greater amount of lignin synthesis in stems. Therefore, long-term clipping induced the transition of A. sparsifolia from herbs to shrubs. After long-term clipping, plants allocated more resources to plant defence against stress, whereas the ratio of resources allocated to leaf growth decreased. Consequently, photosynthesis in long-term clipped plants decreased in August. In PSII, the energy used for both photochemical quenching and non-photochemical quenching decreased in the clipped plants during the early stage of the growth season. In addition, due to the lower stomatal conductance (gs), clipped plants retained more water in their leaves and suffered less water stress. Thus, clipped plants produced less reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn, delayed leaf senescence. Plants also exhibited over-compensatory growth after long-term clipping, but this phenomenon was not caused by the increase in specific leaf area (SLA). The stable photosynthesis strategy helped to extend the lifespan of plants in the growth season and improve their adaptation to light, temperature, and water stress.